JavaScript: JavaScript:
Kajian Hakikat Tauhid
Kajian Hakikat Tauhid Merupakan Hikmah Ketuhanan Sebagai Bekal Untuk Mendapatkan Ridha dan Hidayah Allah swt

Home
Profile
October 12th, 2009
Mendudukkan Perkara Bid’ah Dengan Benar ( 3 )

Post Page Rank


Mendudukkan Perkara Bid’ah Dengan Benar ( 3 ) ; Contoh Bid’ah Hasanah Dalam Penetapan Hukum Barang Makanan. Setelah pada dua kajian yang lalu kita telah mencoba membahas tentang makna bi’ah dan hakikat bid’ah serta macam-macam bid’ah , berikut ini kita kita akan mencoba melihat salah satu metoda atau strategi yang diambil oleh para ulama dalam menyikapi beberapa perbedaan dalam penetapan hukum haram dan halal terhadap makanan yang tidak terdapat dalam tuntunan Al-Quran dan Sunnah Nabi SAW.

Para ulama dari mazahab Safi’i dan para ulama dari mazahab Hambali telah menyepakati bahwa dalam menetapkan kriteria baik ( istithbah ) atau kriteria buruk ( istikhbats ) suatu barang makanan adalah mengacu kepada kebiasaan bangsa Arab, karena merekalah yang berhak menilai baik dan buruknya jenis-jenis makanan yang tidak tercantum hukumnya di dalam Al-Quran maupun Hadist.

Walau demikian kedua kelompok ulama ini belum menemukan kesepakatan tentang bangsa Arab manakah yang berhak melakukan penilaian tersebut. Apakah bangsa Arab yang hidup pada masa Nabi SAW saja !?

Al-Imam al-Rafi’i salah seorang ulama dari kalangan mazahab Syafi’i mengatakan bahwa, yang dimaksud dengan kebiasaan bangsa Arab adalah kebiasan bangsa Arab yang hidup pada masa Nabi SAW. Karena merekalah yang menerima Al-Quran ketika itu, walau ada sebuah pendapat mengatakan masalah ini dikembalikan kepada setiap generasi bangsa Arab yang hidup pada zamannya. Hal ini berarti bahwa penilaian bangsa Arab sekarang dapat dijadikan sebagai rujukan

Imam al-Nawawi dalam menyikapi hal ini mengatakan bahwa, walau menurut shahabat-sahabat kami dari kalangan ulama mazahab Syafi’i, apabila suatu kelompok memandang baik ( istikhbats ) sesuatu sedangkan yang lain memandang buruk ( istikhbats ), maka kita mengikuti kelompok mayoritas antara mereka. Apabila kedanya mempunyai suara yang sama banyak, al-Mawardi dan Abu al-Hasan al-Ibadi berpendapat bahwa pendapat dari suku Quraisy-lah yang dijadikan acuan yang lebih kuat diantara mereka

Selanjutnya dikatakan bahwa, apabila suku Quraisy berbeda pendapat tentang hukum seekor hewan, dan tidak memungkinkan melakukan tarjih, atau mereka mebiarkan hewan tersebut tanpa ada ketetapan hukum yang mengaturnya atau kita tidak menemukan satu pun bangsa Arab baik dari kalangan Quraisy maupun dari suku-suku lainnya, maka kita menghukumnya dengan mengikuti hukum hewan yang mirip dengannya. Kadang-kadang kemiripan hewan itu terjadi karena bentuk fisiknya, karakternya, lembut dan kerasnya, kadang-kadang juga terletak pada kelompoknya sebagai pemakan daging ( karnivora ) dan lain-lainnya

Imam Muhammad al-Syarbani al-Khatib berkata, “ setiap hewan yang hukumnya tidak ditetapkan oleh Al-Quran, hadits ataupun ijmak dan tidak ada larangan atau analisa yang bersifat khusus atau umum tentang hewan itu dan tidak ada perintah syara’ untuk membunuhnya atau membiarkanya, maka itu semua merupakan hal yang baik menurut bangsa Arab “.

Karena bangsa Arab adalah penduduk yang kaya dan subur, memilki tabiat yang sehat ( normal ) baik berasal dari kota maupun desa yang berada dalam keadaan sejahtera. Jadi itu semua adalah hukumnya halal, kecuali hewan yang keharamannya telah ditetapkan oleh syarat sebagai mana yang akan kita kaji kemudian. Maka hewan yang dikeciualikan ini, kendati bangsa Arab menganggapnya baik hukumnya tetap haram.

Setiap hewan yang dinilai buruk oleh bangsa Arab yaitu mereka menganggapnya sebagai hewan yang kotor, maka hukumnya adalah haram, kecuali hewan yang dihalalkan oleh syariat. Maka hewan yang dikecualikan ini tidak lagi dihukum haram, karena Allah SWT mendasarkan kehalalan dengan thayyib ( baik ) dan mendasar keharaman dengan khabits ( buruk )

Dalam hal ini Syeikh Sulaiman al-Bujarimi dari kalangan mazahab Syafi’i menjelaskan firman Allah SWT “ Dan dihalalkan bagi mereka hal-hal yang baik “, yaitu hal-hal yang baik menurut sebagian manusia, yang dalam hal ini adalah bangsa Arab, bukan seluruh umat manusia. Karena mustahil tabiat manusia dapat bersatu untuk menentukan baik atau buruknya seekor hewan, penailaian baik dan buruk dalam sebuah produk, tidak dapat disepakati oleh semua manusia di seentero dunia. Karena mereka tidak mungkin sepakat untuk menghukumi sesuatu berdasarkan adat mereka masing-masing. Sebab tabiat mereka berbeda-beda. Dengan demikian, maka yang dimaksudkan di sini adalah sebagain dari mereka. Bangsa Arab dapat mewakili mereka untuk itu, karena mereka bangsa yang paling utama. Mereka bangsa pertama yang mendapat khitab ( perintah ) syariat dan agama ini pun berwatak ( berbahasa ) Arab

Sementara itu, Imam ibn Qudamah dari kalangan mazhab Hambali berpendapat bahwa kriteria istithabah dan istikhbats adalah mengacu kepada penduduk hijaz. Beliau berkata, “ Orang-orang yang penilainnya tentang baik dan buruk seekor hewan dapat dijadikan pedoman adalah penduduk Hijaz di pemukiman. Mereka adalah orang-orang yang mendapat khitab langsung ketika Al-Quran diturunkan dan ketika Hadists disabdakan. “ Kemudian merujukkan pada keumumman istilah tersebut pada adat kebiasaan penduduk Hijaz di pemukiman bukan yang lainnya. Belaiu pun tidak memasukkan penilaian penduduk Arab di pedalalaman karena mereka dalam keadaan darurat dan juga kelaparan biasa memakan apa saja yang ditemukan.

Ungkapan tabiat yang sehat mengecualikan mereka yang berada dipelosok-pelosok pedalaman yang bisa memakan hewan yang merayap dan melata, tanpa dapat membedakan nilai estetikanya. Penilaian mereka yang dikecualikan ini tidak dapat dijadikan sebagai pedoman. Begitu pula ungkapan dalam keadaan sejahtera mengecualikan dalam keadaan darurat yang tidak dapat dijadikan standard penilaian.

Jadi hewan apa saja yang ditemukan di wilayah kaum muslimain, sedangkan penduduk Hijaz tidak mengetahuinya, maka hukumnya dikembalikan pada hewan yang mirip dengan itu di Hijaz. Jika tidak ada kemiripan sedidkitpun dengannya, maka hukumnya adalah mubah, karena masuk dalam makna firman Allah SWT “ Katakanlah, “ Aku tidak memperoleh dalam firman yang diwahyukan kepadaku, sesuatu yang diharamkan”. Dan sabda Nabi SAW : “ Apa yang Allah diamkan ( tidak ditetapkan hukumnya ) maka itu termasuk yang diampuni “

Dengan memperhatikan metoda dan strategi pengambilan garis hukum yang telah dilakukan para ulama tentang haram dan halalnya suatu produk makanan, walau mereka telah sepakat untuk mengacu kepada adat dan kebiasaan bangsa Arab yang pada hakikatnya juga termasuk dalam kriteria bid’ah, sesungguhnya dalam penetapan bangsa Arab mana yang jadi acuan para ulama tersebut tenyata tidak menemukan kesepakatan, sehingga bid’ah yang terjadi semakin berkembang.

Demikian salah satu fenomenan bid’ah hasanah yang terjadi dalam pemahaman dari dua mazahab antara mazahab Syafi’i dan mazahab Hambali yang pada hakikatnya pemahaman kedua mazahab tersebuat terhadap suatu hukum yang lain lebih memiliki kedekatan. Selanjutnya, pada postingan berikutnya kita akan mencoba melakukan kajian tentang bid’ah sayyiah atau bid’ah yang bertentangan dengan al-Qur’an dan sunnah Nabi SAW. Insya Allah. … Amin … [ memahami logika Al-Quran ]
Mungkin Artikel Ini Yang Anda Butuhkan ...
Metoda Pemahaman Ilmu Tauhid
Ibadah itu Hukumnya Haram
Bertasawuf Dalam Syariat
Riwayat Pendidikan KH Noer Alie
KH Noer Alie Sang Ulama Pejuang
KH Noer Alie Sang Politikus Pejuang
Mengapa Mereka Rela Mengorbankan Diri !?
Katakan Cinta Dalam Bahasa Kasih
Zaman Kaliyuga dan Ratu Adil
Reformasi dan Gerakan Ratu Adil
Nurdin M Top Ataukah Pengalihan Isu..!?
Allah Bersifat Ujud, Artinya Ada
Kepada Siapakah Pantasnya Kita Marah ?!
Mendudukkan Perkara Bid’ah Dengan Benar ( 2 )
Homoseksualitas Disponsori Oleh IAIN
Di IAIN Sunan Ampel, “Nikah Yes! Gay Yes”
Doktor UIN Yogyakarta Juga Menistakan Al-Quran
As-Salam Adalah Zat Pemberi Keselamatan
Potret Manusia Akhir ZamanBaca Juga Artikel Ini :

Kumpulan Artikel Islam Lengkap

Koleksi Artikel Pendidikan Keluarga

Kumpulan Tips dan Trik Seputar Blog

Kumpulan Artikel Mualaf dan Kristologi

Artikel Kesehatan dan Motivasi Hidup








Tags: Al-Quran, Hakikat, Jawaban dan Penjelasan, Mukzizat
Jangan Meninggalkan halaman ini tanpa komentar

Komentar Anda Adalah Penghargaan Bagi Kami

…Salam Sukses…

Posted in Kembali Ke Dasar, Memahami Logika Al-Quran |

Enter your email address:






This entry was posted on Monday, October 12th, 2009 at 10:18 am and is filed under Kembali Ke Dasar, Memahami Logika Al-Quran. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
Leave a Reply


Name (required)

Mail (will not be published) (required)

Website







Arsip posting
Potret Manusia Akhir Zaman
As-Salam Adalah Zat Pemberi Keselamatan
Jawaban dan Pejelasan ( 3 )
Doktor UIN Yogyakarta Juga Menistakan Al-Quran
Di IAIN Sunan Ampel, “Nikah Yes! Gay Yes”
Akhirnya Polisi Telanjang Bulat
Pernyataan FUI : Pemurtadan Korban Gempa Sumbar
Sebelum Allah Menjadi Tuhan
Homoseksualitas Disponsori Oleh IAIN
Jadi Teroris Bukanlah Sebuah Pilihan
Mendudukkan Perkara Bid’ah Dengan Benar ( 3 )
Matahari Terbit Tanpa Memandang Yang Baik dan Yang Jahat
Kalau Bukan Kita Yang Membantu, Lalu Siapa Lagi ??!!
Akibat Dubur, Jasad Nurdin M Top Dipertanyakan
Hakikat Gairah Dalam Diri
Dunsanak Kito
Blogger Charapay Belajar Ngeblog 0
Collection Note and Clipping on life 0
Kumpulan Artikel Islam Lengkap 0
Life is to Glorify the Beauty of Love 0
Mengenal Tuhan Apa Adanya 0
Michael Jackson In Memoriam 0
My Life In My Love 0
Some Tips and Tricks for The Magic You Satisfaction 0
Strategies For Blogger 0
Link Blog
B l o g 0
Famous 0
J a c k o 0
Selebrity 0
Tekhnologi 0


Bookmark & Share

ask2link




Enter your email address:




Delivered by FeedBurner
Tags
Al-Asma Al-Husna Al-Quran Allah Anak Ayah Bangsa Predator Cinta Cinta dan Kasih Sayang Damai Dokter Hakikat Hakikat Salawat Hakikat Sihir Hakikat Tauhid Harga Diri Iblis Israil Jawaban dan Penjelasan Jihad Jin Kasih Sayang Kemuliaan KH Noer Alie Logika Muhammad Saw Mukzizat Muslim Pilihan Pahlawan Pemilu Pemuja Penyakit Predator Presiden Pujangga Ronggowarsito Rumah Sakit Rumah Tangga Satanisme Sifat Allah Sihir Syetan Teroris Wakil Presiden Yahudi Zat Allah

Recent Visitors




You! Join Now.































































































































See all 10 members...


Grab This!
MyBlogLog











Jadwal Posting
December 2009M T W T F S S
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30 31
« Nov



Ads Powered by:KumpulBlogger.com



Ads Powered by:KumpulBlogger.com


Categories
Al-Asma Al-Husna
Bangsa-Bangsa Predator
Hakikat Diri
Hakikat Nur Muhammad
Hakikat Sihir
Iblis Jin dan Syetan
Jawaban dan Pejelasan
Kajian Hakikat Mursyid
Kajian Hakikat Tauhid
Kajian Salawat
Kajian Umum
Kampanye dan Pemilu
Kembali Ke Dasar
Maqam Tauhid
Memahami Logika Al-Quran
Muslim Pilihan
Pemuja Setan
Rumah Tangga








Komentar
rushan on Hakikat Salawat Malaikat kepada Nabi Muhammad saw
Mr.Nunusaku on Menunggu Detik-Detik Kehancuran Islam
Haru on Hakikat Zat Pada Sifat Allah ( 5 )
Haru on Hakikat Zat Pada Sifat Allah ( 4 )
achmad taufik on Ternyata Allah Bukan Tuhan Yang Sesungguhnya
Cara Membuat Blog on Akhirnya Polisi Telanjang Bulat
IKUT NGEBLOG on Dari No Follow menjadi Do Follow
Han on Jawaban dan Penjelasan ( 2 )
mbahgendeng on Dari No Follow menjadi Do Follow
Sugia on Jawaban Tentang Hakikat Allah ( 1 )
Enter your Email


Preview | Powered by FeedBlitz




Personalised Number Plates
Kajian Hakikat Tauhid is proudly powered by WordPress | Entries (RSS) and Comments (RSS). | WP Theme by Bob

Web Gambar Berita Buku Terjemahan Blog Gmail selengkapnya ▼





ilmuyangbermanfaatduniaakhirat@gmail.com | Riwayat Web | Setelan ▼| Keluar

Google Penelusuran Lanjutan

Telusuri: web laman dari Indonesia

Web
Tampilkan opsi...

Urutan 1 - 10 dari sekitar 156,000,000 hasil telusur untuk game. (0.47 detik) Pesan Sponsor
Free Online Game
Imperia Online- Web-Based MMORPG
Absolutely Sensational. Play Now!
www.ImperiaOnline.org


Lihat iklan Anda di sini »



Hasil Telusur
Hasil penelusuran berita untuk game
SEA Games XXV Laos‎ - 41 menit yang lalu
Dalam pertandingan penyisihan Grup B SEA Games XXV Laos ini, Senin (7/12), Indonesia kalah 0-2 yang membuat posisi Boaz dkk sangat kritis karena terancam ...
KOMPAS.com - Ditemukan 105 artikel yang sesuai »

Permainan online gratis di Games.co.id
Permainan baru setiap hari! Permainan aksi, permainan petualangan, permainan teka-teki, permainan balapan, permainan anak-anak, permainan olahraga, ...
Permainan lain - Berpakaian - Memasak - Balapan motor
www.games.co.id/ - Tembolok - Mirip -
KapanLagi.com: GAME GRATIS
LIHAT GAME BERDASARKAN SIZE, LEBIH KECIL, LEBIH CEPAT .... Maen game tanpa bumbu pemanis rasanya seperti makan rujak tanpa cabe. Kurang nggigit gitu loh. ...
www.kapanlagi.com/game/ - Tembolok - Mirip -
Game Online Gratis - Indonesian Online Games
Main permainan komputer secara multiplayer online dalam susana 3D yang realistik . Biliar 3D, Catur Online, dan masih banyak lagi…
www.flyordie.com/games-id.html - Tembolok - Mirip -
Yahoo! Games - Games and Online Games - [ Terjemahkan laman ini ]
Free online and downloadable games! Play arcade games, board games, card games, puzzle games and other free games at Yahoo! Games.
games.yahoo.com/ - Tembolok - Mirip -
Free Online Games | Free Games | Download Games | Games.com - [ Terjemahkan laman ini ]
Games.com has free online games and download games of every kind. Play puzzle games, hidden object games, arcade games and more! Games.com has exclusive ...
www.games.com/ - Tembolok - Mirip -
Games Indonesia - situs komunitas games online, permainan video ...
Website komunitas game dan gamers terbesar di indonesia, forum, video games, film, online games, sepakbola, gosip, kuliner, warnet, otomotif dan handphone.
www.ligagame.com/ - Tembolok - Mirip -
DIVINE KIDS - Game Pertama Indonesia Resmi (Officialy First ...
Download GRATIS 67 Game Indonesia buatan Divine Kids Gratis! Game Pertama Indonesia (MURI) ini buatan David Setiabudi,S.Sn,AmRO, Dosen FSRD Untar dan Binus ...
www.divinekids.com/ - Tembolok - Mirip -
Video Games Indonesia - Situs Informasi Video Game Pertama di ...
Situs yang mengulas berita-berita terbaru seputar video games Indonesia dan Dunia.
www.videogamesindonesia.com/ - Tembolok - Mirip -
Play Games - Free Online Games at AddictingGames! - [ Terjemahkan laman ini ]
Play over 3000 free online games! Including arcade games, puzzle games, funny games, sports games, shooting games, and more! New free games every day at ...
www.addictinggames.com/ - Tembolok - Mirip -
Games at Miniclip.com - Play Free Games - [ Terjemahkan laman ini ]
Play Free Online Games, sports games, massive multiplayer games, action games, puzzle games, flash games and more.
www.miniclip.com/ - Tembolok - Mirip -
Pencarian berhubungan dengan: gamedownload game game pc game naruto download game gratis
game hp gamehouse game zuma permainan

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Berikutnya

Tambahkan hasil - Lihat seluruh catatan SearchWiki saya - Lihat semua catatan untuk SearchWiki ini - Pelajari Selengkapnya


Cari di dalam hasil - Alat Bahasa - Tips Penelusuran - Kurang puas? Bantu kami memperbaikinya

©2009 Google - Beranda Google - Program Periklanan - Serba-serbi Google

Home
English Version
Peta Situs
isi
Tentang Gerbang Kusuka

Weblogic Joomla Template Demo
Home
Pendaftar
Mahasiswa
Alumni
Publik
Staff
Manajemen
Fakultas
Perpustakaan
Webmail
GallerySearch Search Keyword:
Any words All words Exact phrase
Ordering:
Search Keyword interkoneksi pak ami
Total 51 results found. Search for [ interkoneksi pak ami ] with


Results 1 - 30 of 51 1. Pidato Rektor UIN Sunan Kalijaga
(News/Latest)
Pada kesempatan yang berbahagia ini, masih dalam suasana Syawalan, kami, selaku pribadi sekaligus mewakili pimpinan UIN Sunan Kalijaga mengucapkan “Selamat Idul Fitri 1429 H, Minal ‘aidin

2. Enigme Pluralisme Bangsa
(News/Latest)
Pluralisme barangkali merupakan istilah yang tidak begitu disukai akhir-akhir ini. Utamanya semenjak keluarnya fatwa MUI pada 2005 yang menolak pluralisme, bagi sebagian kalangan masyarakat kita, term

3. Imam Muhsin, M. Ag. Raih Doktor
(News/Latest)
...a Jawa bisa dijadikan acuan untuk memahami Islam lokal. Dalam upaya mengembangan konsep keilmuan yang integrasi-interkoneksi, tafsir al-Qur’an berperspektif kebudayaan seperti al-Huda bisa diang...

4. Abd. Khalik Latuconsina, Raih Doktor
(News/Latest)
UPACARA ADAT PATAHERI DAN POSUNO DI MALUKU TENGAH WUJUD KEARIFAN LOKAL, BUKAN MISTIK ATAUPUN MUSYRIK. Drs. Abd. Khalik Latuconsina, M. Si ( 45 tahun ) mengatakan, di Seram Selatan, Kabupaten Mal

5. Wisuda Periode IV 2007/2008
(News/Latest)
UIN Sunan Kalijaga kembali mewisuda sejumlah 702 sarjana baru, bertempat di gedung Multy Purpose kampus setempat, Sabtu, 30 Agustus 2008. Wisuda periode IV tahun akademik 2007/2008 ini dipimpin

6. Direktur Pendidikan Diniyah Depag RI
(News/Latest)
Direktur Pendidikan Diniyah Depag RI Bekali Mahasiswa Ushuluddin UIN Sunan Kalijaga. Enam Abad sebelum berkembangnya imperium Sriwijaya dan Mataram Kuno, penduduk wilayah nusantara dikenal sebagai ban

7. Stadium General Mahasiswa Baru
(News/Latest)
Stadium general mahasiswa baru Saintek dan Soshum UIN Sunan Kalijaga. Jiwa kewirausahaan/kemampuan kewirausahaan tidak hanya dibutuhkan oleh pengusaha atau mereka yang terjung di dunia wiraswasta, tet

8. Mahasiswa Baru ikuti Opak dan Sospem
(News/Latest)
Rektor UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, Prof. Dr. H.M. Amin Abdullah mengatakan, krisis ekonomi yang sampai saat ini belum seratus persen teratasi, ditambah kenaikan harga BBM dari tahun ke tahun telah

9. Dra. Indo Santalia Raih Doktor
(News/Latest)
Dra. Indo Santalia M.A (45 thn) mengatakan bahwa agama seharusanya merupakan ladang nilai-nilai, yang secara konseptual dapat memberikan gugusan pemikiran untuk melakukan gerakan pembebasan dan humani

10. Imam Sutomo Raih Gelar Doktor
(News/Latest)
Pemikiran Altruisme Nurcholish Madjid Antarkan Imam Sutomo Raih Doktor di PPS UIN Sunan Kalijaga. Ragam gagasan Nurcholish Madjid (populer dipanggil Cak Nur) banyak yang menjadi bahan kajian para pene

11. Workshop Manajemen Perguruan Tinggi
(News/Latest)
Workshop Manajemen Perguruan Tinggi Bagi Pimpinan di Lingkungan UIN Sunan Kalijaga. Sebagai lembaga perguruan tinggi yang pertama kali menerapkan Sistem Badan Layanan Umum (BLU) sejak 2 Juli 2007, UIN

12. Kalender Akademik
(Akademik/kalender)
KALENDER AKADEMIK SEMESTER GASAL DAN SEMESTER GENAP TAHUN AKADEMIK 2008/2009 I. SEMESTER GASAL TAHUN AKADEMIK 2008/2009 A. REGISTRASI MAHASISWA BARU TAHUN AKADEMIK 2008/2009 1.

13. Drs. Sa’dullah Assa’idi, M.Ag. Raih Doktor
(News/Latest)
Drs. Sa’dullah Assa’idi, M.Ag.(52 tahun), mengatakan, dalam studi tentang pemikiran tafsir ada gejala bahwa al-Qur’an (yang merupakan kata-kata Ilahi dan diwahyukan secara verbal) se

14. Drs. Hamruni, M.Si., Raih Gelar Doktor
(News/Latest)
Drs. Hamruni, M.Si., (49), mengatakan, pembelajaran yang berlangsung dalam suasana yang kaku dan menegangkan, dengan pendekatan yang bersifat memaksa baik secara fisik maupun non fisik, menganca

15. Lowongan Tenaga Pengajar
(Highlight/Gerbang Highlight)
Pusat Bahasa UIN Sunan Kalijaga membuka pendaftaran calon pengajar bahasa Arab dan Inggris untuk perkuliahan bahasa Arab dan Inggris pada semester gasal 2008/2009 di Pusat Bahasa dengan ketentuan seba

16. MOU UIN Suka dan BPKP
(News/Latest)
Dalam rangka percepatan implementasi BLU di UIN Sunan Kalijaga, pada tanggal 23 Juni 2008 telah ditandatangani MOU antara Rektor UIN Sunan Kalijaga dengan Kepala BPKP Pusat. Lingkup kerjasama ini meli

17. PMB 2008/2009
(Highlight/Gerbang Highlight)
UIN Sunan Kalijaga bertekad untuk benar-benar menjaring mahasiswa baru bibit unggulan. Dengan menjaring calon mahasiswa baru melalui berbagai jalur, diharapkan bisa menghimpun mahasiswa baru yang bena

18. Abdul Rahman Halim Raih Doktor
(News/Latest)
Abdul Rahman Halim (63 tahun) mengatakan, Madrasah lahir dari kemandirian dan kemitraan yang partisipatif dari masyarakat Muslim, yang secara konseptual merupakan perpaduan antara pesantren dan seko

19. Seminar CRSD
(News/Latest)
Prof. Dr. H.M. Amin Abdullah mengatakan, pengagungan secara berlebihan terhadap kekuatan rasio yang menjadi gejala global telah menyebabkan krisisnya manusia modern. Kehidupan keberagamaan sejauh ini

20. PD I IAIN Ambon Raih Doktor
(Manajemen/Sistem Informasi)
Rajab, 36 tahun, mengatakan, dewasa ini, banyak hadis-hadis Nabi kembali digugat keontetikannya, meskipun hadis-hadis itu terdapat dalam kitab-kitab hadis standar. Ada pendapat berkembang

21. Drs. H. Basuki, M.Ag. Raih Doktor
(News/Latest)
Drs. H. Basuki, M.Ag., 58 tahun mengatakan, Syarekat Islam merupakan organisasi pergerakan nasional yang sangat respek terhadap dunia pendidikan. Organisasi yang dirintis antara lain oleh HOS Co

22. Abdul Munif, M.Ag. Raih Doktor
(News/Latest)
Abdul Munif, M. Ag., (35 tahun) mengatakan, sejak tahun 1950 kegiatan penerjemahan buku-buku Timur Tengah yang berbahasa Arab telah menjadi jalur transmisi pengetahuan di Indonesia yang paling d

23. Wisuda Sarjana Periode III
(News/Latest)
UIN Sunan Kalijaga kembali mewisuda sejumlah 559 sarjana baru, bertempat di gedung Multy Purpose kampus setempat, Sabtu, 24 Mei 2008. Wisuda periode III kali ini dipimpin oleh Pembantu Rektor I (Bidan

24. Pidato Penganugerahan Doctor HC
(News/Latest)
..., pemikiran dan sikap besar Mufti Besar Ahmad Badruddin, sangat dekat sengan pemikiran keislaman integratif dan interkoneksi yang dikembangkan UIN Sunan Kalijaga selama ini, yakni keilmuan dan keislam...

25. UIN Anugerahkan Gelar Doctor HC
(News/Latest)
UIN Sunan Kalijaga Anugerahkan Doctor Honoris Causa Kepada Mufti Besar Republik Arab Suriah DR. Ahmad Badruddin Hassoun. Menapaki usaianya yang akan memasuki 5 tahun, setelah perubahan IAIN menjadi UI

26. Promosi Doktor Abd. Halim
(News/Latest)
Drs. H. Abd. Halim Soebahar, MA., (47 tahun), mengatakan, Pondok Pesantren, sebagai lembaga Non-formal di luar sekolah, turut mewarnai dan mengawal keberhasilan yang di capai oleh sistem p

27. Drs. Sulthan Syahril, MA. Raih Doktor
(News/Latest)
Drs. Sulthan Syahril, MA, (52 tahun) mengatakan, Dalam spektrum kajian pemikiran politik Islam dan kenegaraan, nama Ali Abd. Al-Razig dan Abdul A’la al-Maududi merupakan dua tokoh dalam wacana p

28. Launching Jerman Corner
(News/Latest)
Sudah lebih dari 4 (empat) tahun, UIN Sunan Kalijaga menjalin kerjasama dengan Universitas Leipzig Jerman, sehingga banyak sekali staf pengajarnya yang merupakan alumni dari Universitas Leipzig.

29. Pelantikan Dekan dan Pembantu Dekan
(News/Latest)
Setelah melalui pemilihan Dekan dalam rapat senat fakultas (24 Maret lalu), akhirnya Prof. Dr.H.M. Bahri Ghazali ditetapkan Rektor untuk menjabat Dakan Fakultas Dakwah UIN Sunan Kalijaga untuk masa ja

30. Dra. Hj. Juwariyah, M.Ag. raih Doktor
(News/Latest)
Dra. Hj. Juwariyah, M.Ag. (56 tahun) mengatakan, jiwa yang taqwa merupakan tiang penyangga dari tegaknya suatu bangsa. Jiwa yang taqwa itu berangkat dari akhlak yang karimah dan ilmu, keduanya harus b

<< Start < Prev 1 2 Next > End >>


[ Back ] Banner
Clock
Login Form Username

Password

Remember me

Lost Password?

Alamat Kontak

UIN Sunan Kalijaga
Jl. Marsda Adisucipto
Yogyakarta 55281
Telp. (0274) 589621, 512474 ext 213
Fax. (0274) 586117
email : sekretariat[at]uin-suka.info

Forum Diskusi :
mailing list gerbang kusuka

Content Manager :

Andi Irawan & Edi Yusuf Setiabudi

(c) 2007 Pusat Komputer & Sistem Informasi
Joomla Templates by JoomlaShack

game

· Action · Adventure · AdverGames · Arcade · Beat Em Up · Card · Defence Games · Flying Games · Games For Kids · Puzzle · Racing · Retro · Role Playing · Shoot Em Up · Sim Games · Skill Games · Sports · Strategy Games · Stress Relief Games · Turn Based Games · Weird Games

Member Login
Username:

Password:

Remember Me



Forgot Your Password? Create your own game page, Register Today!


Today's Best

Arcade Games >> Flying Games >> Desert Fire // Game
Desert Fire // Game
Helicopter flying games will never be boring! Enter into desert warfare and fire your way through complex helicopter missions.
The arcadevoid.com game one-liner:



Email This Game

BEGIN GAME

Desert Fire!


How To Play Desert Fire:

Use WASD to fly through the desert and use the mouse to aim and fire your weapon. Press space to fire the special weapon.

More top down helicopter action games: HeliStorm and HeliStorm 2.
Game Stats:

Desert Fire has been played 48652 times so far on arcadevoid.com with 26 game plays today.

Desert Fire has an average game rating of 3/5:
Cheats & Walkthrough for Desert Fire

We list cheat codes, guides and walkthroughs for games below the game - click the play now button to see cheats for Desert Fire!
Top 15 Related Games:



Dogfight Game

Dogfight 2

FA18 Strike Force

Wings Of Glory

InterFlight 76

3D Spacehawk

FA18 Hornet Game

Sky Fighters

Stunt Pilot Island

Stunt Pilot Game

Desert Fire

Paper Airplane

S70B2 Seahawk Game

Alpha Bravo Charlie

Global Rescue
5 Latest Related Games:


Test Pilot

Learn To Fly

Dogfight 2

Desert Fire

Stunt Pilot Island


New Arcade Games
1. Hobo Prison Brawl
2. The Last Village
3. Battalion Ghosts
4. Test Pilot
5. Bucketball 2
6. This Is Why Youre Fat
7. Dale and Peakot
8. Level Up
9. Killer Robot Factory
10. Trap Master
11. Bloodshade
12. Demolition City 2
13. Diner City
14. Juggerdome
15. A Dralien Day
16. Fly Me To The Moon
17. War Machine
18. Frontier
19. TetrisD
20. Cover Orange
More Latest Arcade Games

Popular Arcade Games
1. On The Run Car Chase Game
2. Tactical Assassin 3
3. Clear Vision 2 Sniper Game
4. Dogfight Game
5. Dogfight 2
6. The McDonalds Game
7. BOXHEAD The Zombie Wars
8. The Last Stand 2
9. Papas Pizzeria
10. Downhill Snowboard
Most Popular Arcade Games

Search Arcade Games

Recent Searches:
1 bucket ball
2 split
3 storm the house
4 artillery live
5 cover orange

Our Arcade Friends
Play Online Games
Play Pacman Games
Free Games
Naruto Pictures
Tetris Games
Football Games
Full List...
>Partner With Us<

Top Arcade Players
Masschine (227 points)
Pervy_Sage (227 points)
Hermanator65 (214 points)
Babyjew (213 points)
JIRAIYA (186 points)
>> View All Members

Arcade Stats.
1117 Arcade Games
3610 Played Today
13421816 All Time Plays
Total Members: 1533
Newest Member: bill1993

Users Online: 50 (1 member and 49 guests) baasjoep





Arcade Games - arcadevoid.com - Privacy Policy

cicak buaya

Web Gambar Berita Buku Terjemahan Blog Gmail selengkapnya ▼





ilmuyangbermanfaatduniaakhirat@gmail.com | Riwayat Web | Setelan ▼| Keluar

Google Penelusuran Lanjutan

Telusuri: web laman dari Indonesia

Web
Tampilkan opsi...

Urutan 1 - 10 dari sekitar 716,000 hasil telusur untuk cicak buaya. (0.23 detik)
Hasil Telusur
detikNews : 'Cicak - Buaya' Buatan Oknum Polri, Kapolri Minta Maaf
2 Nov 2009 ... Kapolri Jenderal BHD meminta agar media massa tidak mengembangkan istilah 'buaya ' dan 'cicak' sebagai istilah Polri vs KPK.
www.detiknews.com/.../cicak--buaya-buatan-oknum-polri-kapolri-minta- maaf - Tembolok -
ANTARA News: Istilah Cicak-Buaya Pelajaran Bagi Pejabat Negara
3 Nov 2009 ... Permintaan Polri agar media tidak menggunakan istilah cicak dan buaya menjadi pelajaran bagi pejabat negara untuk tidak sembarangan ...
www.antaranews.com/.../istilah-cicak-buaya-pelajaran-bagi-pejabat-negara - Tembolok -
ANTARA News: Istilah Cicak-Buaya Undang Empati Masyarakat
5 Nov 2009 ... Istilah cicak dan buaya dalam masalah yang menimpa Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK) telah memengaruhi munculnya empati masyarakat, ...
www.antaranews.com/.../istilah-cicak-buaya-undang-empati-masyarakat - Tembolok -
Hasil penelusuran gambar untuk cicak buaya - Laporkan gambar

Jangan Dramatisir Guyonan CICAK BUAYA Komjen Susno, Its Only A ...
13 Sep 2009 ... Begini, yang perlu diluruskan disini adalah guyonan Pak KABA soal “Cicak & Buaya ” tadi janganlah didramatisir, disalah-tafsirkan dan ...
kabarnet.wordpress.com/.../jangan-dramatisir-guyonan-cicak-buaya-komjen- susno-its-only-a-joke/ - Tembolok -
Menulis Tanpa Berguru » Blog Archive » Cicak, Buaya, dan Komodo
3 Nov 2009 ... Sejak 'Theatre Cicak-Buaya' ditayangkan, terutama kepolisian RI menjadi sasaran olok-olokan, makian, yang pada ujungnya agar dilakukan ...
webersis.com/2009/11/03/cicak-buaya-dan-komodo/ - Tembolok -
Cicak, Buaya, Dan Godzilla | ::: Rafki Rasyid.com
Lalu, ketika perang dingin (hampir terbuka) antara buaya dan cicak sudah mulai memanas, datanglah Sang Godzilla yang juga membanggakan diri lebih besar dari ...
rafkirasyid.com/cicak-buaya-dan-gozilla/ - Tembolok -
Tempointeraktif.Com - Kisah Cicak dan Buaya
14 Jul 2009 ... Kisah “cicak-buaya” ini sohor setelah Kepala Badan Reserse Kriminal Markas Besar Kepolisian RI Susno Duadji melontarkan kegeramannya.
www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/.../07/.../grf,20090714-188,id.html - Tembolok -
Sentilan: Antara Cicak, Buaya dan Godzilla
14 Sep 2009 ... Sampai akhirnya di berbagai media massa muncul istilah Cicak untuk KPK, Buaya untuk Kepolisian serta Godzilla untuk Kejaksaan Agung. ...
sentilan.blogspot.com/2009/.../antara-cicak-buaya-dan-godzilla.html - Tembolok -
KOMPAS.Com - Jangan Ada Lagi Istilah Cicak-Buaya
2 Nov 2009 ... Komunitas 12 pm membuat mural yang bertemakan cicak menangkap buaya di Jalan Hayam Wuruk, Kota Semarang, Jawa Tengah, Minggu (25/10). ...
nasional.kompas.com/read/.../jangan.ada.lagi.istilah.cicak-buaya - Tembolok -
Liputan6 :: Prihatin KPK, Seniman Gelar Teater Cicak-Buaya
5 Nov 2009 ... Seniman menggambarkan, betapa sulitnya cicak melawan buaya putih yang berkuasa. Begitulah para seniman bereaksi, menyikapi seteru KPK-Polri, ...
berita.liputan6.com/.../Prihatin.KPK.Seniman.Gelar.Teater.Cicak.Buaya - Tembolok -
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Berikutnya

Tambahkan hasil - Lihat seluruh catatan SearchWiki saya - Lihat semua catatan untuk SearchWiki ini - Pelajari Selengkapnya


Cari di dalam hasil - Alat Bahasa - Tips Penelusuran - Kurang puas? Bantu kami memperbaikinya

©2009 Google - Beranda Google - Program Periklanan - Serba-serbi Google

cicak buaya

Web Gambar Berita Buku Terjemahan Blog Gmail selengkapnya ▼





ilmuyangbermanfaatduniaakhirat@gmail.com | Riwayat Web | Setelan ▼| Keluar

Google Penelusuran Lanjutan

Telusuri: web laman dari Indonesia

Web
Tampilkan opsi...

Urutan 1 - 10 dari sekitar 716,000 hasil telusur untuk cicak buaya. (0.23 detik)
Hasil Telusur
detikNews : 'Cicak - Buaya' Buatan Oknum Polri, Kapolri Minta Maaf
2 Nov 2009 ... Kapolri Jenderal BHD meminta agar media massa tidak mengembangkan istilah 'buaya ' dan 'cicak' sebagai istilah Polri vs KPK.
www.detiknews.com/.../cicak--buaya-buatan-oknum-polri-kapolri-minta- maaf - Tembolok -
ANTARA News: Istilah Cicak-Buaya Pelajaran Bagi Pejabat Negara
3 Nov 2009 ... Permintaan Polri agar media tidak menggunakan istilah cicak dan buaya menjadi pelajaran bagi pejabat negara untuk tidak sembarangan ...
www.antaranews.com/.../istilah-cicak-buaya-pelajaran-bagi-pejabat-negara - Tembolok -
ANTARA News: Istilah Cicak-Buaya Undang Empati Masyarakat
5 Nov 2009 ... Istilah cicak dan buaya dalam masalah yang menimpa Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK) telah memengaruhi munculnya empati masyarakat, ...
www.antaranews.com/.../istilah-cicak-buaya-undang-empati-masyarakat - Tembolok -
Hasil penelusuran gambar untuk cicak buaya - Laporkan gambar

Jangan Dramatisir Guyonan CICAK BUAYA Komjen Susno, Its Only A ...
13 Sep 2009 ... Begini, yang perlu diluruskan disini adalah guyonan Pak KABA soal “Cicak & Buaya ” tadi janganlah didramatisir, disalah-tafsirkan dan ...
kabarnet.wordpress.com/.../jangan-dramatisir-guyonan-cicak-buaya-komjen- susno-its-only-a-joke/ - Tembolok -
Menulis Tanpa Berguru » Blog Archive » Cicak, Buaya, dan Komodo
3 Nov 2009 ... Sejak 'Theatre Cicak-Buaya' ditayangkan, terutama kepolisian RI menjadi sasaran olok-olokan, makian, yang pada ujungnya agar dilakukan ...
webersis.com/2009/11/03/cicak-buaya-dan-komodo/ - Tembolok -
Cicak, Buaya, Dan Godzilla | ::: Rafki Rasyid.com
Lalu, ketika perang dingin (hampir terbuka) antara buaya dan cicak sudah mulai memanas, datanglah Sang Godzilla yang juga membanggakan diri lebih besar dari ...
rafkirasyid.com/cicak-buaya-dan-gozilla/ - Tembolok -
Tempointeraktif.Com - Kisah Cicak dan Buaya
14 Jul 2009 ... Kisah “cicak-buaya” ini sohor setelah Kepala Badan Reserse Kriminal Markas Besar Kepolisian RI Susno Duadji melontarkan kegeramannya.
www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/.../07/.../grf,20090714-188,id.html - Tembolok -
Sentilan: Antara Cicak, Buaya dan Godzilla
14 Sep 2009 ... Sampai akhirnya di berbagai media massa muncul istilah Cicak untuk KPK, Buaya untuk Kepolisian serta Godzilla untuk Kejaksaan Agung. ...
sentilan.blogspot.com/2009/.../antara-cicak-buaya-dan-godzilla.html - Tembolok -
KOMPAS.Com - Jangan Ada Lagi Istilah Cicak-Buaya
2 Nov 2009 ... Komunitas 12 pm membuat mural yang bertemakan cicak menangkap buaya di Jalan Hayam Wuruk, Kota Semarang, Jawa Tengah, Minggu (25/10). ...
nasional.kompas.com/read/.../jangan.ada.lagi.istilah.cicak-buaya - Tembolok -
Liputan6 :: Prihatin KPK, Seniman Gelar Teater Cicak-Buaya
5 Nov 2009 ... Seniman menggambarkan, betapa sulitnya cicak melawan buaya putih yang berkuasa. Begitulah para seniman bereaksi, menyikapi seteru KPK-Polri, ...
berita.liputan6.com/.../Prihatin.KPK.Seniman.Gelar.Teater.Cicak.Buaya - Tembolok -
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Berikutnya

Tambahkan hasil - Lihat seluruh catatan SearchWiki saya - Lihat semua catatan untuk SearchWiki ini - Pelajari Selengkapnya


Cari di dalam hasil - Alat Bahasa - Tips Penelusuran - Kurang puas? Bantu kami memperbaikinya

©2009 Google - Beranda Google - Program Periklanan - Serba-serbi Google

Aplikasi






Membuka jendela obrolan

Obrolan (0)

Beranda
Profil
Teman
Pesan Masuk 1


Keluar
Pengaturan
Ilmu Bermanfaat
Kembali ke Pesan
Tandai Belum Dibaca
Laporkan Spam
Hapus
MUSLIM RENDAH PRESTASI, MENGAPA?
Untuk anggota MEMBONGKAR KEDOK MUHAMMAD SAW

Angelina Dzat Cair 07 Desember jam 1:16 Balas
Will Muslims Ever wake up?
Kapan NEGARA ISLAM Bangkit?
By Ali Sina

Dalam artikel berjudul “What went wrong?” (Apa yang salah?) Dr Farrukh Saleem, penulis freelance dari Islamabad memberikan gambaran dunia Islam yg mengenaskan dgn menunjukkan bahwa negara-negara Muslim adalah yang paling miskin, paling buta huruf dan paling terbelakang di dunia. Ditulisnya:

Total GDP/tahun dari 57 negara-negara Muslim masih dibawah US$2 trillion.

AS sendiri memproduksi barang dan jasa senilai $10.4 trillion;
China $5.7 trillion
Japan $3.5 trillion
Jerman $2.1 trillion.
Bahkan GDP India saja diperkirakan lebih dari $3 trillion.

Negara-negara kaya seperti Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait dan Qatar secara kolektif memproduksi barang & jasa (minyak) senilai $430 billion; BELANDA saja masih memiliki GDP tahunan yang lebih besar, sementara Thailand memproduksi barang dan jasa senilai $429 billion.

Baca selengkapnya di...
http://www.facebook.com/topic.php?topic=13683&uid=156521934286
Kembali ke Pesan
Buat sebuah Iklan
X
Unggah foto dan video

Kirim foto dan video langsung ke Facebook dari ponsel Anda.
Suka
X
Semua Bermain Mafia Wars

Lebih dari 4 juta pemain per-harinya, teman-mu mungkin telah bermain! Buktikan siapa boss-nya. Tekan sini untuk bermain secara gratis.
Suka
Iklan Lainnya


Pesan
1
Pembaruan
Terkirim
Facebook © 2009
Bahasa Indonesia
PerihalIklanPengembangKarierKetentuan■Cari TemanPrivasiSelulerBantuan

hp

home about contact us category



Normal
crookedbrains
Designeast.eu
DigsDigs
DsgnWrld
FURNISHism
Furniture Fashion
Home Design
Homedit
Laptoplogic.com
Mobile Phone Reviews
Pebble.com
PoshPosh
Remodelista
Technosamrat
The Kitchen Designer
15
June
Nokia N73 Music- 3 G Gadget with a Difference
by Magneto




Nokia N73 Music is one of the most fashionable and feature rich gadgets from Nokia. Nokia N73 Music has QVGA 2.4″ screen which can display more than 262,000 colors. It also has a 3.2 mega pixel camera which has integrated facilities like view finder, digital zoom, red-eye detection, auto focus and lens protection tools. With Nokia N73 Music, you can record video for about 5.8 hours, store around 1000 photos and record almost 1000 tracks. It is a stunning camera mobile with a dynamic internal memory of 40 MB which can be further enhanced with the mini-SD card. You can also edit the videos and images with its video and image editor feature. It has all the facilities of a 3 G mobile with which you can send messages (instant messages, text messages, multimedia messages, e-mails), record videos, capture images and play music (music player & FM Radio). The integrated stereo speakers which produce high quality sound give an excellent experience. The integrated VGA second camera helps in real time video sharing. Nokia N73 Music weighs around 116grams and has a dimension of 110mm x 49mm x 19mm. It is compact and gives you a solid feeling when it is in your hands.

via Mobi Speakz

If you're new here, you may want to subscribe to my RSS feed. Thanks for visiting!



Related posts:
Nokia N95 8GB review
Nokia 3555 review

cell phones
Comments (6)
6 Comments
Comment by Samuel Matlala — June 24, 2009 @ 8:31 am

Please help me switch off the side light (button) because I don’t know what happend. My light is On 24/7 days is affecting the cellphone battery.

Regards

Samuel Matlala
Cell: 072 581 6419
Comment by Professor mojapelo — August 1, 2009 @ 2:57 am

My phone does not want to instal mxit
Comment by CLEFF — September 19, 2009 @ 6:38 am

I had an N73 before, but it so sad to say, it was fake (made in china). Can you deliver me a new one?
Comment by Mohammad — September 24, 2009 @ 11:34 pm

yes yes that is what I was searching about.
Comment by verma — October 21, 2009 @ 2:51 am

nokia price list & mobile snap e71,n73 & n95.??
Comment by amer — November 21, 2009 @ 7:10 am

I’VE BOUGHT N73 RECENTLY.IT’S GOOD BUT NOT REALY VERY GOOD
Leave a comment

Name


E-Mail


Website






Copyright © tevami inc., All rights reserved. Design by Steel Frog Media.
Home Decor Ideas | Sitemap | Submit a product | Contact us | Privacy Policy
Categories
accessories
architecture design
bathroom
bedroom
cell phones
digital cameras
electronics
furniture designer
home decor
chairs
tables
hotel and spa
interior design
kitchen
luxury watches
miscellaneous
vehicles
Archives
December 2009
November 2009
October 2009
September 2009
August 2009
July 2009
June 2009
May 2009
April 2009
March 2009
February 2009
January 2009
December 2008
November 2008
October 2008
September 2008
August 2008
July 2008
June 2008
May 2008
April 2008
March 2008

Tevami is a product review site giving you information on the latest gadgets of today and tomorrow. Our blog will keep you up to date on the latest gadgets, gear, electronics, cars and everything else that excites your passion for Technology. If you want to suggest any Product Reviews please go to our Contact us page.

Enter your email address:




Delivered by FeedBurner

hp

home about contact us category



Normal
crookedbrains
Designeast.eu
DigsDigs
DsgnWrld
FURNISHism
Furniture Fashion
Home Design
Homedit
Laptoplogic.com
Mobile Phone Reviews
Pebble.com
PoshPosh
Remodelista
Technosamrat
The Kitchen Designer
15
June
Nokia N73 Music- 3 G Gadget with a Difference
by Magneto




Nokia N73 Music is one of the most fashionable and feature rich gadgets from Nokia. Nokia N73 Music has QVGA 2.4″ screen which can display more than 262,000 colors. It also has a 3.2 mega pixel camera which has integrated facilities like view finder, digital zoom, red-eye detection, auto focus and lens protection tools. With Nokia N73 Music, you can record video for about 5.8 hours, store around 1000 photos and record almost 1000 tracks. It is a stunning camera mobile with a dynamic internal memory of 40 MB which can be further enhanced with the mini-SD card. You can also edit the videos and images with its video and image editor feature. It has all the facilities of a 3 G mobile with which you can send messages (instant messages, text messages, multimedia messages, e-mails), record videos, capture images and play music (music player & FM Radio). The integrated stereo speakers which produce high quality sound give an excellent experience. The integrated VGA second camera helps in real time video sharing. Nokia N73 Music weighs around 116grams and has a dimension of 110mm x 49mm x 19mm. It is compact and gives you a solid feeling when it is in your hands.

via Mobi Speakz

If you're new here, you may want to subscribe to my RSS feed. Thanks for visiting!



Related posts:
Nokia N95 8GB review
Nokia 3555 review

cell phones
Comments (6)
6 Comments
Comment by Samuel Matlala — June 24, 2009 @ 8:31 am

Please help me switch off the side light (button) because I don’t know what happend. My light is On 24/7 days is affecting the cellphone battery.

Regards

Samuel Matlala
Cell: 072 581 6419
Comment by Professor mojapelo — August 1, 2009 @ 2:57 am

My phone does not want to instal mxit
Comment by CLEFF — September 19, 2009 @ 6:38 am

I had an N73 before, but it so sad to say, it was fake (made in china). Can you deliver me a new one?
Comment by Mohammad — September 24, 2009 @ 11:34 pm

yes yes that is what I was searching about.
Comment by verma — October 21, 2009 @ 2:51 am

nokia price list & mobile snap e71,n73 & n95.??
Comment by amer — November 21, 2009 @ 7:10 am

I’VE BOUGHT N73 RECENTLY.IT’S GOOD BUT NOT REALY VERY GOOD
Leave a comment

Name


E-Mail


Website






Copyright © tevami inc., All rights reserved. Design by Steel Frog Media.
Home Decor Ideas | Sitemap | Submit a product | Contact us | Privacy Policy
Categories
accessories
architecture design
bathroom
bedroom
cell phones
digital cameras
electronics
furniture designer
home decor
chairs
tables
hotel and spa
interior design
kitchen
luxury watches
miscellaneous
vehicles
Archives
December 2009
November 2009
October 2009
September 2009
August 2009
July 2009
June 2009
May 2009
April 2009
March 2009
February 2009
January 2009
December 2008
November 2008
October 2008
September 2008
August 2008
July 2008
June 2008
May 2008
April 2008
March 2008

Tevami is a product review site giving you information on the latest gadgets of today and tomorrow. Our blog will keep you up to date on the latest gadgets, gear, electronics, cars and everything else that excites your passion for Technology. If you want to suggest any Product Reviews please go to our Contact us page.

Enter your email address:




Delivered by FeedBurner

mail

Gmail Calendar Documents Reader Web more ▼








ilmuyangbermanfaatduniaakhirat@gmail.com | Settings | Help | Sign out
Gmail Logo
Search Mail

Search the Web Show search options
Create a filter




Compose Mail Inbox (13)
Starred
Sent Mail
Drafts
Personal
Travel


6 more▼
Contacts
Tasks
Chat

ilmuilmuilmu semoga berhasil Set status here
jerry.smith009

Options
Add Contact
Invite a friend
Give Gmail to:
Send Invite 50 left

Preview Invite
>
<
Web Clip
Forbes.com: Most popular stories - The Doctor Drought
« Back to Inbox

Archive

Report spam

Delete

Move to

Labels

More actions
1 of 34 Older ›akhdian.com
Inbox X



Reply

akhdian.com to me
show details 6:10 AM (16 hours ago)

Images are not displayed.
Display images below - Always display images from akhdian@gmail.comakhdian.com


Ebook Gratis buat anda pemburu dollar

Posted: 06 Dec 2009 08:30 AM PST




Bagi anda yang sedang mencoba-coba untuk mendapatkan ‘gaji’ dari Internet E-book ini sangat cocok anda baca. Di ebook ini diceritakan bagaimana suka dan duka berbisnins internet dan juga jenis-jenis bisnis internet yang bisa anda lakukan.

Salah satu bagian artikel di e-book ini adalah berbicara tenatang mengapa kita memilih bisnis Internet, berikut alasannya:

Ga perlu keluar rumah buat Bisnis, cukup stay di rumah dengan disenjatai
Komputer / Laptop + Sambungan Internet anda sudah bisa meluncur dengan
bisnis-bisnis anda
Saya bisa lupakan kemacetan di jalan. Gimana bisa macet?Kan kerjanya di
rumah ?
Bebas mengatur waktu kerja anda.
Tidak perlu terikat tempat menjalankan bisnis. Karena bisa dijalankan
diseluruh dunia selama masih terjangkau akses internet.
Anda tidak perlu pusing memikirkan budget untuk membeli/menyewa
tempat untuk dijadikan kantor / tempat bekerja anda. Dalam bisnis online
Kantor Anda ya Komputer anda.

Selain anda mendapatkan e-book tersebut anda juga berkesempatan untuk memiliki bonus-bonus e-book lainnya dan juga kesempatan mendapatkan $150.

Jika anda penasaran silakn daftar disini, kemudian masukkan nama dan juga e-mail anda di kolom yang tersedia. Kemudian anda buka e-mail yang anda masukkan dan klik link konfirmasi di e-mail anda untuk mendapatkan produknya. GRATIS.

Selamat belajar

Artikel Terkait:
Gratis: E-book Cara Menyulap Blog Menjadi Mesin Uang Otomatis
Download Ebook Rahasia Sukses Menghasilkan Uang dengan Google Adsense
Raih pendapatan PTC anda dengan persianptc.com

You are subscribed to email updates from akhdian.com
To stop receiving these emails, you may unsubscribe now. Email delivery powered by Google
Google Inc., 20 West Kinzie, Chicago IL USA 60610
Reply Forward Invite akhdian.com to chat

New window
Print all

« Back to Inbox

Archive

Report spam

Delete

Move to

Labels

More actions
1 of 34 Older ›
Use the search box or search options to find messages quickly!
You are currently using 0 MB (0%) of your 7399 MB.
Last account activity: 5 days ago at IP 114.59.30.177. Details
Gmail view: standard | turn off chat | older version | basic HTML Learn more
©2009 Google - Terms - Privacy Policy - Google Home

download

Web Gambar Berita Buku Terjemahan Blog Gmail selengkapnya ▼
Direktori Kalender Foto Documents Site Grup
ilmuyangbermanfaatduniaakhirat@gmail.com | Riwayat Web | Setelan ▼| Keluar
Setelan penelusuran Setelan akun Google
Google

Penelusuran Lanjutan
Telusuri: web laman dari Indonesia
Web

Urutan 1 - 10 dari sekitar 757,000,000 hasil telusur untuk download. (0.23 detik)
Hasil Telusur

Hasil meliputi catatan SearchWiki Anda untuk download. Bagi catatan ini
Salin dan tempel tautan ini ke email atau IM:

Lihat pratinjau laman bersama
1.
Free software downloads and software reviews - CNET Download.com
- [ Terjemahkan laman ini ]
Find the software you're looking for at CNET Download.com, the most comprehensive source for free-to-try software downloads on the Web.
AVG Anti-Virus Free Edition - Games - MP3 & Audio Software
download.cnet.com/ - Tembolok - Mirip -
2.
Free Download Mp3 Lagu Indonesia Terbaru Gratis Lirik Lagu Musik Chord
Download Lagu mp3 gratis dan lirik lagu serta video clip lengkap disini hanya di gudanglagu.com.
gudanglagu.com/ - Tembolok - Mirip -
3.
RealPlayer — the best audio, video, flash and media player — Real.com
- [ Terjemahkan laman ini ]
RealPlayer SP - Free Download. Want to do more with your media? ... Play the best PC and Mac download games, plus get a free game every day at GameHouse.com ...
www.real.com/ - Tembolok - Mirip -
4.
Free Download MP3 Download Lagu gratis lirik lagu indonesia musik ...
Download Mp3 Download lagu gratis lirik lagu indonesia video clip dan chord lagu di mp3sgratis.net.
mp3sgratis.net/ - Tembolok - Mirip -
5.
Download MP3 | Free Download Lagu Indonesia ...
Petunjuk mendownload MP3 lagu-lagu Indonesia terbaru.
downloadlaguindonesia.net/ - Tembolok - Mirip -
6.
Adobe - Adobe Reader
- [ Terjemahkan laman ini ]
Download Adobe Reader to view, print and collaborate on PDF files.
get.adobe.com/reader/ - Tembolok - Mirip -
7.
Free Download Software Gratis - MP3 Musik Lagu + Video Ebook Buku ...
Free Downloads Software MP3 Gratis - Lagu Musik + Antivirus Download Free Full Video Ebook Buku. Ebook Buku Wallpaper. Program Screensaver.
islam-download.net/ - Tembolok - Mirip -
8.
Download - Yahoo! Messenger 10
Download Yahoo! Messenger secara gratis untuk chat dengan teman, melakukan panggilan ke PC, SMS, berbagi file, berbagi foto, mendengar siaran radio, ...
id.messenger.yahoo.com/download/ - Tembolok - Mirip -
9.
Google Earth
- [ Terjemahkan laman ini ]
To enable JavaScript, we suggest that you either download a newer browser version or edit your browser preferences so that you can view all of the content ...
earth.google.com/download-earth.html - Tembolok - Mirip -
10.
Opera Web Browser | Faster & safer | Download the new Internet ...
- [ Terjemahkan laman ini ]
Download location: US - OH Web Hosting HTTP (change). AT - Inode HTTP, AT - Inode FTP, AT - globalcore HTTP, AT - globalcore FTP, AU - AARNet Mirror HTTP ...
www.opera.com/download/ - Tembolok - Mirip -

Pencarian berhubungan dengan: downloaddownload lagu download game download song download video
download software download mozilla download film download antivirus
Anda telah menghapus hasil dari penelusuran ini. Sembunyikan
Sedang mengambil...


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Berikutnya
Tambahkan hasil - Lihat seluruh catatan SearchWiki saya - Lihat semua catatan untuk SearchWiki ini - Pelajari Selengkapnya

Cari di dalam hasil - Alat Bahasa - Tips Penelusuran - Kurang puas? Bantu kami memperbaikinya

©2009 Google - Beranda Google - Program Periklanan - Serba-serbi Google

beasiswa

Wednesday, December 02, 2009

* Home
* Tentang Kami
o Dari Rektor
o Dari Ketua Yayasan
o Sejarah
o Visi & Misi
o Struktur Organisasi
o Lokasi Kampus
* Program Studi
o Teknik Informatika
o Ilmu Komunikasi
o Falsafah dan Agama
o Psikologi
o Manajemen
o Hubungan Internasional
o Desain Komunikasi Visual
o Desain Produk
* Fasilitas
* Kerjasama
* Direktorat
o QuARK
* Fellowship
* Divisi
o SDM
o Teknologi Informasi
* Download File
* Hubungi Kami

Program Pertukaran Tokoh Muslim Muda Indonesia-Australia 2010



Australia-Indonesia Institute bekerjasama dengan Universitas Paramadina menyelenggarakan program spesial, Pertukaran Tokoh Muslim Muda antara Indonesia dan Australia, dimana tokoh/aktivis muslim muda dari Indonesia akan mengunjungi Australia selama 2 minggu dan bertemu baik Muslim maupun non-Muslim untuk bertukar pikiran dan berbagi pengalaman. Sebaliknya tokoh muslim muda Australia juga mengunjungi Indonesia dalam program yang sama.



Program pertukaran ini ditujukan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman terutama mengenai peran agama di masing-masing negara. Program ini juga ditujukan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman terhadap Islam di kedua negara dan untuk meningkatkan kesadaran mengenai keanekaragaman budaya di Australia maupun Indonesia.

Syarat-syarat pendaftaran:
1. Pria dan Wanita berusia di bawah 40 tahun.
2. Lancar berkomunikasi serta mampu berpartisipasi aktif di dalam diskusi berbahasa Inggris. Memilki nilai TOEFL di atas 450 diutamakan di atas 500.
3. Mengisi formulir pendaftaran yang tersedia di www.paramadina.ac.id atau www. www.indonesia.embassy.gov.au serta melampirkan dokumen pendukung.

Formulir dapat didownload di sini http://www.paramadina.ac.id/downloads.html?task=viewcategory&catid=21

Batas akhir penerimaan lamaran:
Jum’at, 4 Desember 2009 Pukul 16.00 WIB



Lamaran dikirim via post, tidak melalui email kepada:
Panitia Program Pertukaran Tokoh Muslim Muda
Indonesia-Australia
Universitas Paramadina
Jl. Gatot Subroto Kav. 97
Mampang, Jakarta Selatan 12790
Tel: 62 21 7918 1188
Fax: 62 21 799 33 75
Back to Top
Prepared 2009 by IT Division - Universitas Paramadina
[x] close

This is the html version of the file http://etd.eprints.ums.ac.id/3601/1/G000060121.pdf.
Google automatically generates html versions of documents as we crawl the web.
Page 1
PENDIDIKAN SEKSUAL UNTUK ANAK
(Studi Perbandingan antara Pemikiran Abdullah Nasih Ulwan dan Hasan
Hathout)
SKRIPSI
Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Tugas dan Syarat-syarat Guna Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana
Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I) Pada Fakultas Agama Islam Jurusan Pendidikan
Agama Islam (Tarbiyah)
Oleh
Munadi lil Iman
G 000060121
FAKULTAS AGAMA ISLAM
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA
2009
Page 2
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang Masalah
Pendidikan sebagai upaya untuk membangun sumber daya manusia
memerlukan wawasan yang sangat luas, karena pendidikan menyangkut semua
aspek kehidupan manusia, baik dalam pemikiran atau pengalamannya. Oleh
karena itu, pembahasan pendidikan tidak cukup berdasarkan pengalaman saja,
melainkan dibutuhkan suatu pemikiran yang sangat luas dan mendalam.
Pengkajian pendidikan tidak cukup hanya dengan hasil penelitian secara ilmiah,
namun dibutuhkan penkajian yang lainnya. Tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa
pengkajian ilmah merupakan suatu keharusan karena akan mengungkapkan fakta-
fakta yang berkaitan denagan pengalaman manusia yang berkaitan dengan
pendidikan.
Manusia adalah makhluk yang memiliki unsur rohani yang mencakup dua
segi kejiwaan, yaitu hakikat sebagai individu dan sebagai makhluk social. Dan
satu hakikat lagi, yang membedakan manusia dengan makhluk-makhluk lain
ialah, hakikat sebagai makhluk susila dan makhluk berketuhanan.
Berdasarkan hakikat manusia itu, didapati berbagai segi atau aspek
pendidikan. Di antara aspek-aspek pendidikan tersebut adalah Pendidikan Budi
Pekerti, Pendidikan kecerdasan, Pendidikan Sosial, Pendidikan Jasmani,
Pendidikan Seksual, Pendidikan Agama, dan lain-lain.
Page 3
Dalam skripsi ini penulis akan membahas salah satu asapek pendidikan
yang sangat penting dalam kehidupan manusia yaitu pendidikan seksual. Banyak
orang memandang kata seks merupakan kata yang tabu untuk diperbincangkan.
Seks adalah sebuah topik yang paling kontroversial dalam masyarakat.
Kabanyakan masyarakat kita memandang seks sebagai sesuatu yang
menyeramkan, kotor, tabu, dan porno, karenanya tidak pantas dibicarakan terbuka
untuk alasan apapun. Dengan segala prasangka dan kesalah kaprahan kultural
yang disematkan pada seks, adalah penting dan mendesak bagi kita untuk mulai
membicarakan dan membahas permasalahan ini guna menyingkirkan kebekuan
dari pikiran-pikiran kita.
Dalam kaitannya dengan masalah seksual dr. Boyke Dian Nugroho,
mengatakan bahwa :
Mulai sekarang hindari olehmu untuk mentabukan masalah ini karena sek
pun merupakan suatu pengetahuan yang dapat dipelajari sejak beberapa
ratus tahun yang lalu, para ilmuan mencoba meneliti tentang seks ini,
sampai sekarang pun mereka masih menemukan hal-hal yang baru.
(Nugroho, 2000 : 5-6).
Pendidikan seks adalah penerangan yang bertujuan untuk membimbing
serta mengasuh setiap laki-laki dan perempuan, sejak dari anak-anak sampai
dewasa didalam prihal pergaulan antara kelamin pada umumnya dan kehidupan
seksual pada khususnya ( Sahli, 1975 : 7 )
Kaum Muslim pada zaman Rasulullah saw., biasa mendatangi beliau
untuk bertanya dan membahas masalah-masalah seksualitas. Memang, rasa malu
adalah salah satu tanda kesalehan seorang Muslim baik laki-laki maupun
1
Page 4
perempuan, namun hal ini tidak berlaku dalam masalah pengetahuan ataupun
agama (konsep hidup).
Setiap Muslim bahkan anak-anak yang belajar mengaji, pasti menemukan
bahwa Al-qur'an membicarakan masalah seksualitas dengan terbuka. dalam
Alquran ,kita dapat menemukan bahasan mengenai reproduksi dan penciptaan
manusia, menstruasi, kehidupan keluarga, posisi-posisi seksual dan bahkan
ejakulasi. Seperti dalam ayat ayat berikut ini:
š tΡθè=t↔ó¡o„uρ
Çtã
ÇÙŠÅsyϑø9$#
(
ö≅è%
uθèδ
“]Œr&
(#θä9Í”tIôã$$sù
u!$|¡ÏiΨ9$#
’Îû
ÇÙŠÅsyϑø9$#
(
Ÿωuρ
£èδθç/t ø)s?
4®Lym
tβö ßγôÜtƒ
(
#sŒÎ*sù
tβö £γsÜs?
€∅èδθè?ù'sù
ôÏΒ
ß]ø‹ym
ãΝä.t tΒr&
ª!$#
4
¨βÎ)
©!$#
=Ïtä†
tÎ/≡§θ−G9$#
=Ïtä†uρ
šÌ ÎdγsÜtFßϑø9$#
∩⊄⊄⊄∪
öΝä.äτ!$|¡ÎΣ
Ó^ö ym
öΝä3©9
(#θè?ù'sù
öΝä3rOö ym
4’‾Τr&
÷Λä÷∞Ï©
(
(#θãΒÏd‰s%uρ
ö/ä3Å¡àΡL{
4
(#θà)? $#uρ
©!$#
(#þθßϑn=ôã$#uρ
Νà6‾Ρr&
çνθà)≈n=•Β
3
Ì Ïe±o0uρ
šÏΖÏΒ÷σßϑø9$#
∩⊄⊄⊂∪
"Mereka bertanya kepadamu tentang haid. Katakanlah, 'Haid itu adalah
kotoran.' Oleh sebab itu hendaklah kamu menjauhkan diri dari wanita di
waktu haid; dan janganlah kamu mendekati mereka, sebelum mereka
suci. Apabila mereka telah suci, maka campurilah mereka itu di tempat
yang diperintahkan Allah kepadamu. Sesungguhnya Allah menyukai
orang2 yang tobat dan menyukai orang2 yang menyucikan diri. Istri-
istrimu adalah (seperti) tanah tempat kamu bercocok tanam , maka
datangilah tanah tempat bercocok tanammu itu bagaimana saja kamu
kamu kehendaki. dan kerjakanlah (amal yang baik) untuk dirimu, dan
bertakwalah kepada Allah dan ketahuilah bahwa kamu kelak akan
menemui-Nya. Dan berilah kabar gembira orang-orang yang beriman."
(Q.S. al Baqarah:222-223)
Page 5
Dasar-dasar pendidikan seks Islami adalah: memperlakukan seks sebagai
anugerah dari Allah yang Mahakuasa. Bagaimanapun juga, seks merupakan
masalah yang tetap hidup, selalu selalu dibicarakan oleh setiap orang baik dari
kalangan awan maupun ilmuwan. Hanya saja kaarena mereka masih diliputi oleh
rasa tabu, pembicaraannya amat terbatas.
Remaja adalah manusia makhluk ciptaan Allah SWT yang sudah
mengalami perkembangan fisik dan pemikiran melampaui masa kanak-kanaknya
Definisi pertama bahwa remaja adalah manusia ciptaan Allah, akan memberikan
suasana penyadaran pada remaja, bahwa ia adalah makhluk yang bersifat lemah,
serba kurang, dan saling bergantung dengan makhluk lain yang berarti ia butuh
pada Sang Maha Pencipta. Perkembangan fisik seringkali menjadi semata-mata
kebanggan remaja, padahal hal ini seharusnya semakin menambah ketakwaan
dirinya pada Allah dan aturan-aturan-Nya.Bukan malah semakin ingin eksis
kebandelan dan kebrutalannya, karena itu perkembangan pemikiran (kematangan
intelektual) menjadi penting untuk menyebut dirinya remaja, sebagaimana definisi
berikutnya . Karena seringkali fisik bertambah dan berkembang akan tetapi
perilakunya jauh dari hasil daya pikir yang cemerlang. Misalnya saja ketika ia
merasakan cinta, maka akan langsung ia lampiaskan sebagian besar hidupnya
untuk cinta pada lawan jenisnya. Sehingga ia tidak mampu untuk berpikir tentang
resiko perbuatannya.
Page 6
Perdebatan tentang perlu-tidaknya pendidikan seks diberikan kepada anak
bermula dari keprihatinan terhadap pergaulan remaja saat ini. Sebenarnya
kekhawatiran seperti itu tidak perlu ada jika pendidikan seksual itu diberikan
secara profesional. Mereka mempelajari seks bukan untuk segera dilaksanakan,
tapi untuk bekal kelak. Selain itu juga untuk menjaga mereka dari kehidupan seks
bebas. Dengan mengetahui tentang pendidikan seksual secara profesionalniscaya
anak-anak akan terhindar dari prilaku-prilaku hubungan seksual yang
menyimpang.
Para pemerhati masalah remaja berpendapat, seks bebas yang sekarang ini
menggejala salah satunya disebabkan karena pengetahuan remaja tentang
seksualitas masih sangat rendah. Karena itu, diperlukan upaya-upaya untuk
memasyarakatkan pendidikan seks kepada remaja. Program-program pendidikan
seks pun mulai digulirkan, bahkan ada yang berpendapat bahwa pendidikan seks
seharusnya diberikan sedini mungkin. Jika perlu, di bangku prasekolah pun ada
kurikulum yang membahas khusus tentang pendidikan seks (Amalia, 2007 dalam
www.multipli.co.id).
Islam tidak pernah menjadikan ummatnya yang tunduk dan patuh pada
aturan Allah SWT menjadi bahan trial and error. Karena dipastikan bahwa Islam
adalah agama Rahmatan lil ’alamin. Sehingga Islam tidaklah asing dalam masalah
edukasi seksual ini. Misalnya mengenalkan bahwa diri anak kita adalah laki-laki
atau perempuan, bagaimana adik dilahirkan, mengapa kamar atau tempat tidur
mereka dipisahkan antara laki-laki dan perempuan, mengapa tidak boleh satu
Page 7
selimut walaupun dengan sesama perempuan atau laki-laki, bagaimana cara
menutup aurat di luar rumah dan di dalam rumah, apa itu hubungan atau interaksi
berbeda jenis, larangan berkholwat (berdua-duaan), sampai pada apa itu
perkawinan, mengapa ibu dan ayahnya menikah, dan mengapa setelah menikah
baru ada anak. Ini semua dan banyak lagi yang lainnya adalah dekat dengan
kehidupan keluarga yang penuh ketaatan pada Allah SWT.
Menurut Abdullah Nasih Ulwan pendidikan seks adalah upaya
pengajaran, penyadaran, dan penerangan tentang masalah-masalah seksual yang
diberikan kepada anak sejak ia mengerti masalah-masalah yang berkenaan dengan
naluri seks dan perkawinan. Dengan begitu, jika anak telah dewasa, ia akan dapat
mengetahui masalah-masalah yang diharamkan dan dihalalkan; bahkan mampu
menerapkan perilaku islami dan tidak akan memenuhi naluri seksualnya dengan
cara-cara yang tidak islami (Ulwan, 1994: 2).
Dalam bukunya yang berjudul Tarbiyatul Aulad Fil Islam, Abdullah Nasih
Ulwan menyatakan, pendidikan seksual yang penting mendapat perhatian secara
khusus dari para pendidik, hendaklah dilaksanakan berdasarkan fase-fase (1994:
6) sebagai berikut:
Fase pertama, usia 7-10 tahun, disebut masa tamyiz (masa prapubertas).
Pada masa ini, anak diberi pelajaran tentang etika meminta izin dan memandang
sesuatu, maksudnya adalah tentang pembiasaan pada anak untuk dapat
melaksanakan etika meminta izin kepada orang tuanya ketika ayah dan ibu berada
dalam situasi yang tidak ingin dilihat oleh siapa pun termasuk oleh anak-anaknya.
Page 8
Fase kedua, usia 10-14 tahun, disebut masa murabaqah (masa peralihan
atau pubertas). Pada masa ini anak dihindarkan dari berbagai rangsangan seksual,
karena fase pubertas adalah fase kehidupan manusia yang paling berbahaya. Jika
pendidik mengerti cara mendidik anak, cara menghindarkannya dari lingkungan
yang penuh dengan kerusakan atau penyimpangan dan cara mengarahkannya
menuju kebaikan, maka anak biasanya akan tumbuh berbudi, berakhlak mulia,
dan memiliki pendidikan islami yang tinggi.
Fase ketiga, usia 14-16 tahun, disebut masa balig (masa adolesen). Jika
anak sudah siap untuk menikah, pada masa ini anak diberikan pendidikan tentang
etika atau adab mengadakan hubungan seksual.
Fase keempat, setelah masa adolesen, disebut masa pemuda. Pada masa
ini diberi pelajaran tentang tata cara melakukan isti'faf (menjaga dari perbuatan
tercela atau menyimpang), jika ia belum mampu melangsungkan pernikahan.
Hasan Hathout dalam bukunya yang berjudul Panduan Seks Islami (2005),
menyebutkan bahwa islam mengajarkan seks sesuai dengan aturan syariatnya,
yaitu seks yang "memanusiakan" manusia, bukan seks ala hewan yang dapat
merendahkan derajat manusia. Menurut beliau materi yang harus di ajarkan dalam
pendidikan seksual ialah aspek-aspek anatomis dan psikologis, skema puberitas,
bersama dengan perubahan-perubahan fisikal, kebutuhan akan kehidupan
keluarga, dorangan seksualsindrom menstruasi, pembentukan dan perkembangan
janin, kontrasepsi, dan yang paling penting pandangan dan standar islam
mengenai itu semua (Hathout, 2005: 112).
Page 9
Pendidikan seks yang baik adalah usaha menuju perilaku seks yang lebih
alamiah, membantu memerangi kekerasan seksual terhadap anak-anak,
maksudnya adalah agar anak kita jangan terlalu polos sampai tidak
menyadari dan gampang terjerumus dalam prilaku sek yang menyimpang
(Hathout, 2006:115)
Pendidikan seks di dalam Islam merupakan bagian integral dari
pendidikan akidah, akhlak, dan ibadah. Terlepasnya pendidikan seks dengan
ketiga unsur itu akan menyebabkan ketidakjelasan arah dari pendidikan seks itu
sendiri, bahkan mungkin akan menimbulkan kesesatan dan penyimpangan dari
tujuan asal manusia melakukan kegiatan seksual dalam rangka pengabdian kepada
Allah. Oleh karena itu, pelaksanaan pendidikan seks tidak boleh menyimpang dari
tuntutan syariat Islam.
Berkaitan dengan latar belakang di atas, penulis tertarik untuk melakukan
penelitian dengan mengankat judul "Pendidikan Seksual untuk Anak ( Studi
Perbandingan Antara Pemikiran Abdullah Nasih Ulwan dan Hasan Hathout)".
Penulis memilih judul tersebut untuk mengkaji pemikiran Abdullah Nasih Ulwan
dan Hasan Hathout yang berkaitan dengan pendidikan seks sesuai dengan syariat
islam, kemudian menganalisis perbandingan pemikiran mereka berdua. Adpun
alasan penulis untuk memilih judul tersebut adalah sebagai berikut:
1. Adanya persoalan dan polemik rumah tangga muslim akibat
ketidakmengertian tentang persoalan ini. Sebagai contoh dalam sebuah
media televisi yang membuktikan bahwa 80 persen anak-anak di bawah
umur di Jakarta mengakses situs-situs pornografi dengan mudah karena
tidak adanyak pengawasan dari keluarga.
Page 10
2. Kurangnya penjelasan tentang seks dan maraknya pornografi dikalangan
masyarakat kita. Penulis justru memandang semakin perlunya pengkajian
seks menurut Islam dikedepankan dalam situasi ini. Banyak kaum muda
muslim yang tidak memperoleh pendidikan dan penjelasan tentang seks
menurut sysriat, bahkan sebaliknya mereka lebih banyak mengkonsumsi
hiburan pemuja seks yang hanya memuaskan hawa nafsu mereka, sebagai
contoh banyak pelajar dari SLTP sampai perguruan tinggi yang melakukan
hubungan intim di luar nikah dengan kata lain melakukan perzinaan.
3. Munculnya seksolog-seksolog sekuler yang membahas masalah-masalah
seksual bukan berdasarkan syari’at Islam. Seperti pendapat Nurkholis Majid
yang memperbolehkan pernikahan berbeda agama, padahal dalam syariat
Islam hal itu tidak diperbolehkan.
B. Penegasan Istilah
1. Pendidikan Seksual
Pendidikan berasal dari kata " didik ", mendidik yang berarti memelihara dan
memberi latihan ( ajaran, pimpinan ) mengenai akhlak dan kecerdasan pikiran.
Sedangkan arti pendidikan sendiri adalah proses pengubahan sikap dan tata
laku seseorang atau kelompok orang dalam usaha mendewasakan manusia
melalui upaya pengajaran dan latihan; perbuatan dan cara mendidik. (
Moeliono, 1988 : 204).
Sedangkan Pendidikan seksual adalah upaya pengajaran, penyadaran, dan
penerangan tentang masalah-masalah seksual yang diberikan kepada anak
Page 11
sejak ia mengerti masalah-masalah yang berkenaan dengan seks, naluri, dan
perkawinan. ( Sahli, 1975 : 7 )
2. Anak
Keturunan yang kedua manusia, kelompok terkecil dari manusia, seseorang
yang dilahirkan di suatu daerah, bagian dari suatu kelompok keluarga. (
Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, 1991 : 35 )
Adapun yang dimaksud anak dalam skripsi ini adalah seseorang atau
sekelompok orang yang berumur 6-17 tahun yang masih dalam taraf
perkembangan dan memerlukan bimbingan, pengajaran, dan pembinaan dari
orang dewasa.(Darajat,1990: 109)
3. Adullah Nasih Ulwan
Adullah Nasih Ulwan, ia lahir di kota Halab, Suriah, tahun 1928. Beliau
lulusan Al-Azhar University Mesir pada tahun 1952, kemudian tahun 1954,
menerima ijazah spesialis bidang pendidikan, setaraf dengan Master of Arts
(M.A.). ( Ensiklopedi Islam, 2002 : 19-20)
4. Hasan Hathout
Hasan Hathout lahir Sebin el Kom, Mesir, pada tahun 1924. Ia lulus dari
Cairo Medical School tahun 1948. Ia melanjutkan studi kedokterannya di
Universitas of Edingburgh, Scotlandia. (Hathout, 2005: V)
C. Rumusan Masalah.
Dari uraian latar belakang masalah diatas, perumusan masalah pada
penelitian ini adalah:
Page 12
a. Apa perbedaan pemikiran Abdullah Nasih Ulwan dan Hasan Hathout tentang
pendidikan seksual Untuk anak?
b. Apa persamaan pemikiran Abdullah Nasih Ulwan dan Hasan Hathout tentang
pendidikan seksual Untuk anak?
D. Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian.
1. Tujuan Penelitian
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan perbedaan dan persamaan
dalam pemikiran Abdullah Nasih Ulwan dan Hasan Hathaout tentang
pendidikan seksual.
2. Manfaat Penelitian.
a. Secara Teoritis.
1) Dapat menambah wawasan pemikiran atau wacana tentang pendidikan
2) Dapat menambah khazanah keilmuan terutama dalam bidang
pendidikan.
3) Diharapkan penelitian ini dapat menjadi acuan untuk penelitian
selanjutnya.
b. Secara Praktis.
1) Memberikan masukan kepada orang tua, pengajar dan pendidik dalam
memberikan pendidikan seks yang ditetapkan islam untuk mengatur
prilaku seks pada anak didik.
2) Memberikan pengetahuan dan penerangan tentang masalah-masalah
seksual kepada anak sejak usia dini sampai dewasa.
Page 13
E. Tinjauan Pustaka
Tinjauan pustaka merupakan uraian singkat hasil-hasil penelitian yang
telah dilakukan sebelumnya tentang masalah-masalah yang sejenis, selain itu
berupa buku yang sudah diterbitkan. Tinjauan pustaka ini berfungsi sebagai data
otentik orisinilitas / keaslian penelitian. Diantara penelitian sejenis yang telah
dilakukan adalah sebagai berikut:
1. Sri Wahyuni ( 2005 ) dalam skripsinya yang berjudul "Pendidikan Seks Bagi
Remaja Putri Di Madrasah Aliyah PPMI Assalam Sukoharjo Tahun
2004/2005", menyimpukan bahwa:
a. Madrasah Aliyah PPMI Assalam sangat memperhatikan aktivitas
keagamaan, akhlak santriwatinya dan dalam hal penanaman pendidikan
seks kepada santriwati, sehingga dapat dijadikan teladan bagi masyarakat
sekitar.
b. Metode yang digunakan dalam pelaksanaan pendidikan seks di Madrasah
Aliyah adalah diskusi, penyuluhan dan mauidhoh.
c. Tujuan pelaksanaan pendidikan seks di Madrasah Aliyah PPMI Assalam
adalah untuk memberikan pemahaman kepada santriwati dalam masalah
pendidikan seks. Sehingga dari ilmu yang dipahami tersebut dapat
dijadikan sebagai bekal atau benteng ketika mereka berada di lingkungan
luar atau masyarakat serta untuk mendidik para santriwati untuk lebih
mengimani, mencintai dan mendekatkan diri kepada Allah Subkhanahu
Wa Ta'ala.
Page 14
2. Erniyati Cahaya Kusumaningsih (2001) dalam skripsinya yang berjudul
"Perbedaan Sikap Terhadap Prilaku Seks Bebas antara Remaja Kota dan
Remaja Desa", menyimpulkan bahwa prilaku seks bebas antara remaja yang
tinggal di kota-kota dan remaja yang tinggal di desa, dimana sikap terhadap
prilaku seks bebas remaja yang tinggal di kota lebih tinggi dari pada remaja
yang tinggal di desa.
3. Anita Indra Kusumaningsih (2001) dalam skripsinya yang berjudul
"Pendidikan Seks Dan Prilaku Keagamaan" ( Studi Kasus Siswa Kelas II
SMU Muhammadiyah I Klaten ), menyimpulkan bahwa ada pengaruh
pendidikan seks teerhadap prilaku keagamaan siswa kelas II SMU
Muhammadiyah I Klaten. Metide yang tepat dalam mengajar, khususnya
pendidikan seks akan menciptakan keharmonisan antara guru dan siswa.
Sehingga siswa tidak akan terjerumus kedalam hal-hal yang negatif.
Sejauh yang telah diamati belum ada yang membahas tentang pendidikan
seksual dalam pandangan Hasan Hathout, begitu juga yang membahas secara
sepesifik karya Abdullah Nasih Ulwan dalam buku Tarbiyatul Aulat fil Islam
khususnya pendidikan seksual, baik berbentuk buku atau karya ilmiyah oleh
karenanya dalam skripsi ini penulis akan menganalisis ide-ide serta pemikiran
Abdullah Nasih Ulwan dan Hasan Hathout yang berhubungan dengan topic
tersebut, kemudian menganalisis persamaan dan perbedaan pemikiran dua ahli
yang tersebut diatas.
Page 15
F. Metode Penelitian
1. Jenis Penelitian
Penelitian ini termasuk dalam jenis penelitian bibliografi karena
penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mencari, menganalisis, membuat interpretasi,
serta generalisasi dari fakta-fakta hasil pemiliran dan ide-ide yang yang ditulis
oleh para pemikir dan ahli ( M. Nazi, 1988 : 62 ). Dalam hal ini data yang
dikaji adalah pemikiran Abdullah Nasih Ulwan dan Hasan Hathout tentang
pendidikan seksual untuk anak
Apabila dilihat dari tempat dimana penelitian ini di lakukan maka
penelitian ini tergabung dalam penelitian literer, M. Arifin , ( 1990 : 135 )
menyebutkan bahwa penelitian literer dimaksudkan sebagai studi pustaka,
karena penulis meneliti dan menggali datanya dari bahan-bahan tertulis.
2. Pendekatan
Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan
filosofis. Yang dinmaksud pendekatan filosofis adalah menganalisis sejauh
mungkin pemikiran yang diungkapkan sampai kepada landasan yang
mendasari pemikiran yang diungkapkan sampai kepada landasan yang
didasari pemikiran tersebut (Charis & Bakker , 1990 : 67).
3. Metode Pegumpulan Data
Karena penelitian ini adalah penelitian bibliografi, maka pengumpulan
datanya adalah metode dokumentasi, yaitu laporan kejadian-kejadian yang
berisi pandangan serta pemikiran-pemikiran manusia di masa lampau (Nazi ,
Page 16
1985 :74). Adapun sumber data dalam penelitian ini dibagi menjadi dua
bagian yaitu:
a. Sumber data primer
Yang menjadi sumber utama dalam penelitian ini adalah dokumen
dari buku karya Abdullah Nasih Ulwan yang berjudul Tarbiyatul Aulad fil
Islam (1994), dan buku karya Hasan Hathout yang berjudul Panduam Seks
Islami (2006) dan artikel yang berjudul Sexual Ethic (2007 dalam
www.islamicmedicine.com)
b. Sumber data sekunder
Yang menjadi pendukung dan pelengkap dalam penelitian adalah
referensi bacaan yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan, diantaranya: A.
Akhbar. 1983. Seksualitas Ditinjau Dari Hukum Islam. Jakarta: Galia
Indonesia, Haidar Abdullah. 2003. Kebebasan Seksual Dalam Islam.
Jakarta: Pustaka Zahra, Abu Umar Basyir. 2002. Panduan Berhubungan
Intim Dalam Perspektif Islam. Solo: Rumah Zikir, Hilman Al- Madani.
2005. Mengapa Anak Kita Perlu Pendidikan Seksualitas. Jakarta: HAD
Publikasi, M. Ibrahim Al- Qoisiy. 2004. Terapi Problematika Seksual
Dalam Islam. Bandung:Mujahid Press, Sahid Athar. 2004. Bimbingan
Seks Bagi Kaum Muda Muslim. Jakarta: Pustaka Zahra, Yunus Madani.
2003. Pendidikan Seks Untuk Anak dalam Islam. Jakarta: Pustaka Zahra.
4. Analisis Data
Page 17
Data-data yang telah terkumpulkan dalam penelitian ini selanjutnya akan
dianalisis denagan metode deskriptif-analitik (Sumaryono,1983:14), yaitu
untuk menggambarkan pemikiran Abdullah Nasih Ulwan dan Hasan Hathout
secara sistematis sehubungan dengan latar belakang dan pemikirannya, juga
tidak meninggalkan pendapat pada tokoh ahli yang relefan. Tahap berikutnya
adalah interpretasi (Sartono,1993:77), yaitu memahami seluruh pemikiran
Abdullah Nasih Ulwan dan Hasan Hathout untuk memperoleh penjelasan
mengenai pendidikan seksual.
Untuk mempertajan analisis maka disini digunakan logika deduktif dan
komparatif.
a. Deduktif
Yaitu analisis yang berpangkal pada kaidah-kaidah yang bersifat umum,
kemudiaan ditetapkan kaidah-kaidah yang bersifat khusus. (Hadi, 1987: 36)
b. Komparatif
Yaitu membandingkan dua atau lebih pendapat yang ada dengan melihat
argumentasinya. (Arikunto, 1991: 199). Dalam hal ini membandingkan
pemikiran Adullah Nasih Ulwan dan Hasan Hathout tentang pendidikan
seksual untuk anak, sehingga dapat diperoleh kesimpulan tentang
persamaan dan perbedaan berdasarkan pokok kajian ini.
G. Sistematika Penulisan
Skripsi ini terdiri dari lima sub bab, secara garis besar sistematika
penulisan skripsi ini dapat di uraikan sebagai berikut:
Page 18
Bab I pendahuluan, berisikan latar belakang masalah, penegasan istilah,
rumusan masalah, tujuan dan manfaat penelitian, tinjauan pustaka, metode
penelitian dan sistematika penulisan.
Bab II akan membicarakan tentang pendidikan seksual, yang meliputi:
pengertian pendidikan seksual, tujuan pendidikan sekaual, Materi pendidikan
seksual, metode pendidikan seksual, evaluasi pendidikan seksual.
Bab III membahas Adullah Nasih Ulwan dan Hasan Hathout beserta
pemikiran mereka tentang pendidikan seksual, yang meliput: pertama, Biografi
atau riwayat hidup Adullah Nasih Ulwan, masa studi dan karya-karyanya,
pemikiran Adullah Nasih Ulwan tentang pendidikan seksual, masa prapuberitas,
masa peralihan atau puberitas, masa adolesen, dan masa pemuda. Kedua, biografi
atau riwayat hidup Hasan Hahput, masa studi dan karya-karyanya, peikiran Hasan
Hathout tentang pendidikan seksual, dasar-dasar pendidikan seks dalam islam,
materi pendidikan seks pada anak.
Bab IV analisis pemikiran Adullah Nasih Ulwan dan Hasan Hathout
tentang pendidikan seksual yang berisi tentang: Persamaan pandangan Abdullah
Nasih Ulwan dan Hasan Hathout tentang pendidikan seksual untuk anak, dan
perbedaan pandangan antara Abdullah Nasih Ulwan dan Hasan Hathout tentang
pendidikan seksual untuk anak.
Bab V penutup, pada bab ini akan diuraikan mengenai kesimpulan dari
hasil penelitian dan saran-saran.

* Home
* Nasional
* Mancanegara
* Ekonomi
* Olahraga
* Kota
* Sumut
* N.A.D
* Opini

* Internasional
* Nasional
* Markets
* Singkat Ekonomi

Wednesday 25 November

15:16:32
Rabu, 25 Nopember 2009
HEADLINES

* Pimpinan Polri Copot Susno sebagai Kabareskrim ; Kasus Anggodo Akan Ditangani KPK
* China Hukum Mati Tersangka Kasus Susu Tercemar
* KPPU Lanjutkan Pemeriksaan Kasus Kartel Minyak Goreng
* Toni Akui Tak Cocok dengan Van Gaal
* Hari Ini Ujian CPNS ; Sejumlah Ruang Dipakai, Proses Belajar Mengajar Diliburkan

Pimpinan Polri Copot Susno sebagai Kabareskrim ; Kasus Anggodo Akan Ditangani KPK
Konferensi Otomotif China-Taiwan
Pasar Penempatan Kerja Bagi Angkatan Tenaga Kerja baru
Sri Lanka Tahan Pencari Suaka di Laut
Pimpinan Polri Copot Susno sebagai Kabareskrim ; Kasus Anggodo Akan Ditangani KPK

Jakarta, (Analisa). Kadivhumas Polri Irjen Pol Nanan Soekarna mengumumkan, pimpinan instansi kepolisian mengambil keputusan pencopotan Komjen Pol Susno Duadji sebagai Kabareskrim.
Konferensi Otomotif China-Taiwan

Reuters/Bruno Kelly. Para wakil dari China dan Taiwan bertepuk tangan waktu berpose untuk berfoto bersama menjelang Konperensi Otomotif Seberang Selat di Taipei, Selasa.
Pasar Penempatan Kerja Bagi Angkatan Tenaga Kerja baru

Associated Press/CnOut. Membludak para pencari kerja yang berantri panjang di pasar penempatan kerja khusus bagi lulusan baru dari Universitas Jinan di kota Guangzhou, propinsi Guangdong (Kanton), China, Minggu.
Sri Lanka Tahan Pencari Suaka di Laut

Kolombo, (Analisa). Pengungsi Sri Lanka mengamati serius kondisi luar kamp mereka di Vavuniya, Sri Lanka, Selasa (24/11). Mereka adalah warga Tamil yang melarikan diri akibat perang antara pemberontak dan tentara pemerintah.
prevnextplay/stop
Berita Ekonomi Lainnya

* KPPU Lanjutkan Pemeriksaan Kasus Kartel Minyak Goreng
* BI Tak Mau Bertaruh Tutup Century Saat Krisis Global
* Fed Minta Bank-bank AS Bayar Kembali Dana TARP
* BI: Inflasi November Tetap Rendah walau Stimulus Digenjot
* Menperin: KEK Akan Tarik Investasi Langsung
* Jepang Incar Proyek Pembangkit Listrik 'Energi Bersih' RI
* Pemerintah Restrukturisasi Pertamina dan PLN
* Indonesia Produsen CPO Terbesar Dunia, Ungguli Malaysia
* Alokasi Impor Raw Sugar Akan Terserap 67%
* Wall Street Melonjak Awali Pekan Ini
* Pemerintah Kaji Terbitkan Lagi Samurai Bond 2010
* Menkeu Jepang Desak BoJ Tangani Deflasi
* Temasek Akan Tawarkan Obligasi 433 Juta Dolar
* UE: Pesanan Pabrik Zona Euro September Naik
* Taiwan Batasi Investasi China di Sektor Kunci
* Nokia Akan Pangkas 220 Pekerjaan di Jepang
* Jelang Libur Panjang ; IHSG Terpangkas 9 Poin
* Afsel Keluar Resesi setelah PDB Kuartal III Naik 0,9 Persen
* GM Pertahankan Pabrik Opel di Bochum Jerman
* Bank Sentral Rusia Pangkas Suku Bunga
* Mata Uang Asia Tertekan, Emas Terkoreksi Sedikit

Kisruh Kasus ‘Cicak dan Buaya’ Hambat Investasi di Indonesia Cetak Email
Rabu, 18 November 2009 16:36

Jakarta, (Analisa)

Dampak kisruh kasus Cicak dan Buaya diperkirakan akan memperlambat investasi di Indonesia termasuk adanya kecenderungan investor menunda investasi.

Penundaan investasi bukan hanya akan dilakukan oleh investor asing, namun investor lokal pun siap-siap menunda investasinya. Pengusaha kawakan Sofjan Wanandi yang juga ketua umum Asosiasi Pengusaha Indonesia (Apindo) siap-siap menunda berbagai investasinya dengan melihat kondisi saat ini.

"Kalau saya ditanya sebagai pengusaha, melihat kondisi seperti ini, ya saya tunggu dulu duit-duit saya," tegas Sofjan dalam acara seminar konflik Polri dengan KPK dampak terhadap iklim usaha, di Hotel Aryaduta, Rabu (18/11).

Ia juga mengatakan, dengan berlarut-larutnya kasus ini juga diperkirakan akan mempengaruhi kewibawaan pemerintah, termasuk KPK, Kejaksaan Agung dan Polri. Sofjan meminta Presiden SBY segera mengambil keputusan pasti.

"Kalau presiden hati-hati saya setuju, tapi jangan lama-lama," katanya.

Sofjan mengatakan, berdasarkan hasil pertemuannya di kalangan sesama pebisnis, ia mengaku banyak rekan-rekannya di dunia internasional yang bertanya mengenai persoalan perseturuan tersebut. Kondisi ini, kata dia, menyebabkan para investor ragu-ragu untuk berinvestasi.

"Sofjan, apa yang terjadi di negaramu?" ujar Sofjan mengutip rekannya.

Dengan tegas, Sofjan mengatakan, kasus ini sudah bukan pertikaian antar institusi saja, namun lebih pada masalah pertikaian oknum-oknum. Sehingga, ia mengharapkan, Senin pekan depan masalah kisruh cicak dengan buaya harus diselesaikan tuntas, termasuk melakukan kemungkinan pergantian pejabat-pejabat yang bertanggung jawab dan melakukan reformasi institusi lembaga hukum di Polri, KPK dan Kejaksaan.

"Kalau sekarang ini ada joke, kalau kita lapor kambing hilang ke Polisi, bisa sapi hilang," katanya.

Sementara Wakil Ketua Kadin Bidang Investasi Chris Kanter berpendapat, setidaknya ada dua hal buruk yang menjadi perhatian para investor dalam melihat perseteruan KPK-Polri, pertama korupsi menjadi momok dalam berbisnis di Indonesia, kedua belum adanya kepastian hukum di Indonesia.

Dalam acara seminar Konflik Polri dan KPK terhadap iklim bisnis di Indonesia di Hotel Aryaduta, di Jakarta, Rabu ia mengatakan sampai saat ini para investor melihat iklim investasi di Indonesia masih dipengaruhi oleh isu korupsi.

Para investor tidak melihat korupsi hanya terjadi di tubuh Polri, KPK, ataupun Kejaksaan, melainkan korupsi masih terjadi dimana-mana di semua lini

"Pertama, dari kasus ini tidak penting siapa yang korupsi, apakah KPK, Kejaksaan, atau Polisi.

Yang pasti korupsi itu still exist. Bagaimanapun investor itu nggak peduli, apakah korupsi di KPK, Kejaksaan Agung, atau Polri," katanya.

Masalah kedua yang dilihat investor adalah tidak adanya kepastian hukum, yang terlihat dari kasus cicak dengan buaya. Dimana pemerintah cenderung mengambangkan kasus tersebut khususnya sebelum menjadi konsumsi media massa secara hingar bingar.

"Kita melihat negara ini sedang punya problem, yaitu pemberantasan korupsi dan masalah kepastian hukum yang seharusnya menjadi tempat teratas," katanya.

Ia juga mengatakan mengenai pembentukan Tim 8 yang dibentuk oleh presiden dalam kasus cicak dengan buaya mencerminkan adanya ketidakpastian hukum.

Sebab jika ini terjadi di luar KPK atau lainnya apakah harus dibentuk tim serupa. "Mekanisme dan sistem dalam menyelesaikan masalah dalam kehidupan bernegara seperti apa," tanya Chris.

Dikatakannya, sebagai investor iklim bisnis sangat ditentukan oleh adanya kepastian hukum. "Kejadian sekarang ini bahwa kepastian hukum sangat blur," katanya.

Chris menjelaskan berdasarkan peringkat doing business Bank Dunia tahun 2010 posisi Indonesia menempati 122 dan pada tahun 2009 berada di peringkat 129 dari 183 negara di dunia. Sedangkan untuk di Asia Pasifik dan Asia Timur menempati peringkat 19.

Ia menambahkan berdasarkan laporan World Economic Forum, yang mengacu pada faktor-faktor probem terjadi di Indonesia 2008/2009 posisi tertinggi pada masalah inefisiensi birokrasi pemerintahan dan korupsi menempati posisi ketiga. (dtc)

Kembali Button

Kembali ke Halaman Sebelumnya


Virya Design
© 2008 Harian Analisa. All rights reserved.
[x] close

Wikipedia is there when you need it — now it needs you.
$1.2M USD
$7.5M USD
Donate Now
[Hide]
[Show]
Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it.
[Show]
Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it.
Sniper
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Sniper (disambiguation).
Arkansas Army National Guard soldiers practice sniper marksmanship at their firing range near Baghdad, Iraq, in 2005.
A Special Reaction Team with an M24 Sniper Weapon System in 2004.

A sniper is a highly trained marksman who shoots targets from concealed positions or distances exceeding the capabilities of regular personnel. Snipers typically have specialized training and distinct high-precision rifles. In addition to marksmanship, military snipers are also trained in camouflage, field craft, infiltration, reconnaissance and observation techniques.[1]
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Etymology
* 2 In warfare
o 2.1 World War I and World War II
+ 2.1.1 World War I
+ 2.1.2 World War II
# 2.1.2.1 European Theatre
# 2.1.2.2 Pacific Theatre
+ 2.1.3 Rifles used during World War II
o 2.2 Range
* 3 Police
* 4 Training
o 4.1 Accuracy
o 4.2 U.S. military
o 4.3 British military
* 5 Targeting
* 6 Hide sites and hiding techniques
* 7 Tactics
o 7.1 Shot placement
o 7.2 Targets
o 7.3 Relocating
o 7.4 Sound masking
o 7.5 Psychological warfare
* 8 Counter-sniper tactics
* 9 In irregular and asymmetric warfare
o 9.1 War in Iraq
* 10 Notable individuals
o 10.1 Before the 20th century
o 10.2 20th century
o 10.3 21st century
* 11 See also
* 12 References
* 13 Sources
* 14 External links

[edit] Etymology

The term sniper was first attested in 1824 in the sense of the word "sharpshooter".[2] The verb "to snipe" originated in the 1770s among soldiers in British India where a hunter skilled enough to kill the elusive snipe was dubbed a "sniper".[2] One notable early victim was Robert Greville, 2nd Baron Brooke, killed in 1643 by a sniper hiding in Lichfield Cathedral.

During the American Civil War, the common term used in the United States was "skirmisher". Throughout history armies have used skirmishers to break up enemy formations and to thwart the enemy from flanking the main body of their attack force.[3] They were deployed individually on the extremes of the moving army primarily to scout for the possibility of an enemy ambush. Consequently, a "skirmish" denotes a clash of small scope between these forces.[4] In general, a skirmish was a limited combat, involving troops other than those of the main body.[3] The term "sniper" was not in widespread use in the United States until after the American Civil War.

The term "sniper" has been used in more serious tones especially by media in association with police precision riflemen, those responsible for assassination, any shooting from all but the shortest range in war, and any criminal equipped with a rifle in a civil context. This has rather expanded the meaning of the term. It has also given the term "sniper" mixed connotations. Official sources often use more positive connotative terms to describe snipers, especially for police snipers: "counter-sniper", "precision marksman", "tactical marksman", "sharpshooter", "precision riflemen", and "precision shooter". Some of these alternatives have been in common use for a long time; others are closer to undisguised euphemisms.
[edit] In warfare
A sniper from the Jalalabad Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) looks for enemy activity along the hilltops near Dur Baba, Afghanistan, November 2006.

Different countries have different military doctrines regarding snipers in military units, settings, and tactics. Generally, a sniper's primary function in warfare is to provide detailed reconnaissance from a concealed position and, if necessary, to reduce the enemy's fighting ability by striking at high value targets (especially officers, communication and other personnel) and in the process pinning down and demoralizing the enemy.[5][6]

Soviet Russian and derived military doctrines include squad-level snipers, which may be called “sharpshooters” or “designated marksmen” in other doctrines (see below). They do so because this ability was lost to ordinary troops when assault rifles (which are optimized for close-in, rapid-fire combat) were adopted. See the "Soviet sniper" article for further details.

Military snipers from the US, UK, and other countries that adopt their military doctrine are typically deployed in two-man sniper teams consisting of a shooter and spotter.[7] A common practice is for a shooter and a spotter to take turns in order to avoid eye fatigue.[6] In most recent combat operations occurring in large densely populated towns such as Fallujah, Iraq, two teams would be deployed together to increase their security and effectiveness in an urban environment. German doctrine of largely independent snipers and emphasis on concealment developed during the Second World War have been most influential on modern sniper tactics, currently used throughout Western militaries (examples are specialized camouflage clothing, concealment in terrain and emphasis on coup d'œil).[8][9][10]

Typical sniper missions include reconnaissance and surveillance, target marking for air-strikes, counter-sniper, killing enemy commanders, selecting targets of opportunity, and even destruction of military equipment, which tend to require use of rifles in the larger calibers such as the .50 BMG, like the Barrett M82, McMillan Tac-50, and Denel NTW-20.[6] Snipers have increasingly been demonstrated as being useful by US and UK forces in the recent Iraq campaign in a fire support role to cover the movement of infantry, especially in urban areas.[6]
[edit] World War I and World War II
[edit] World War I

During World War I, snipers appeared as deadly sharpshooters in the trenches. At the start of the war, only Imperial Germany had troops that were issued scoped sniper rifles. Although sharpshooters existed on all sides, the Germans specially equipped some of their soldiers with scoped rifles that could pick off enemy soldiers showing their heads out of their trench.[8] At first the French and British believed such hits to be coincidental hits, until the German scoped rifles were discovered.[8] During World War I, the Germans received a reputation for the deadliness and efficiency of their snipers, partly because of the high-quality lenses the Germans could manufacture.[8]
An Australian sniper aims a periscope-equipped rifle at Gallipoli in 1915. The spotter beside him is helping to find targets with his own periscope.

Soon the British army began to train their own snipers in specialized sniper schools. Major Hesketh Hesketh-Prichard was given formal permission to begin sniper training in 1915, and founded the First Army School of Sniping at Linghem in France in 1916.[11] Hesketh-Prichard developed many techniques in sniping, including the use of spotting scopes and working in pairs, and using Kim's Game to train observational skills.[12][13] Both British and German sniper teams operated in pairs, with one sniper and one spotter. On the Eastern Front, Imperial Russia never introduced specialized sharpshooters or snipers, allowing the German snipers to pick off their targets without danger from counter-snipers.[8]

The British did use paper mache figures painted to resemble soldiers to draw sniper fire. Some were equipped with rubber surgical tubing so the dummy could "smoke" a cigarette and thus appear realistic. Holes punched in the dummy by enemy sniper bullets then could be used for triangulation purposes to determine the position of the enemy sniper, who thus could be attacked with artillery fire.
[edit] World War II
[edit] European Theatre
Soviet sniper in a stamp in 1944.

During World War II, snipers reappeared as important factors on the battlefield. During the interbellum, most nations dropped their specialized sniper units, notably the Germans who had such a reputation during World War I. However, during the Spanish Civil War, the effectiveness and dangers of snipers once again came to the fore. The only nation that had specially trained sniper units during the 1930s was the Soviet Union. Soviet snipers were trained in their skills as marksmen, in using the terrain to hide themselves from the enemy and the ability to work alongside regular forces. This made the Soviet sniper training focus more on "normal" combat situations than those of other nations. During the 1940 campaigns of Germany, it appeared that lone, well hidden snipers could halt the German advance for a significant amount of time. For example during the close-in on Dunkirk, British snipers were able to significantly delay German infantry trying to reach Dunkirk. This prompted the British to once again upscale their training of specialized sniper units. British snipers were trained in the obvious marksmanship skills and taught to blend in with the environment, often by using special headgear that concealed them. However, the British Army offered sniper training exclusively to officers and non-commissioned officers, which reduced their effectiveness considerably.[9]
German sniper in Stalingrad, USSR
German sniper in France (1944)

One of the best known battles involving snipers, and also the battle that made the Germans reinstate their specialized sniper training, was the Battle of Stalingrad. Their defensive position inside a city filled with rubble meant that Soviet snipers were able to inflict significant casualties on the German Wehrmacht. Because of the urban nature of fighting, snipers were very hard to spot and seriously dented the morale of the German attackers. The best known of these snipers was probably Vasily Zaytsev, immortalized in the book and subsequent film Enemy At The Gates. Though German sharpshooters appeared spontaneously, often armed with captured scoped Mosin-Nagant rifles, Germany re-established its own sniping school and set out to reclaim its reputation of the First World War. Germany drastically increased the number of snipers per unit. German training emphasized shooting at long-range targets to deliver a feeling of insecurity to the enemy, the ability to creep up on enemies and remain hidden with enemies nearby, plus especially good camouflaging. Germany evolved the most efficient ways of camouflaging, both by using the environment (branches etc.) and by the development of specially designed, reversible camouflage clothing. German snipers were also issued with special shovels and knives to create the best possible hiding places and shelters. As they had done during the First World War, German snipers also changed location after a few shots to further reduce their chances of being spotted. They were also issued the highest-quality scopes available.
Canadian Sniper during World War II

In the United States armed forces, sniper training was only very elementary and focused on being able to hit targets over long distances. Snipers were required to be able to hit a body over 400 meters away, and a head over 200 meters away. There was almost no concern with the ability to blend into the environment. Sniper training also varied from place to place, resulting in a wide range of qualities of snipers. The main reason the US did not extend their training beyond long-range shooting was the limited deployment of US soldiers until the Normandy Invasion. During the campaigns in North Africa and Italy, most fighting occurred in arid and mountainous regions where limited concealment was possible, in contrast to Western and Central Europe.

This resulted in disastrous effects in Normandy and the campaign in Western Europe where they encountered well trained German snipers.[8] In Normandy, German snipers remained hidden in the dense vegetation and were able to encircle American units, firing at them from all sides. The American and British forces were surprised by how near the German snipers could come and safely attack them, as well as by their ability to hit targets over long distances. A famous mistake made by the green American soldiers was to lie down and wait when targeted by German snipers, thus allowing the snipers to pick them off one after another.[8] German snipers often infiltrated Allied lines and sometimes when the frontlines moved, they fought from their sniping positions and withheld their surrender until their rations and munitions were exhausted. After World War II, many elements of German sniper training and doctrine were copied by other countries.[8]
[edit] Pacific Theatre

In the Pacific War, the Empire of Japan also trained snipers. In the jungles of Asia and the Pacific Islands, snipers posed a serious threat to the British, Australian, Canadian and US troops. Japanese snipers were specially trained to use the environment to conceal themselves. Japanese snipers used foliage on their uniforms and dug well-concealed hide-outs that were often connected with small trenches. There was no need for long range accuracy, because most combat in the jungle took place within a few hundred meters. Japanese snipers were known for their patience and ability to remain hidden for long periods. They almost never left their carefully camouflaged hiding spots. This meant that whenever a sniper was in the area, the location of the sniper could be determined after the sniper had fired a few shots. The Allies also used their own snipers in the Pacific, notably the US Marines, who used M1903 Springfield rifles.
[edit] Rifles used during World War II

Some common sniper rifles used during the Second World War include: the Soviet M1891/30 Mosin Nagant and, to a lesser extent, the SVT-40; the German Mauser Karabiner 98k and Gewehr 43; the British Lee-Enfield No. 4; the Japanese Arisaka 97; the American M1903 Springfield and M1 Garand; to a lesser extent, the Italians trained few snipers and supplied them with a scoped Carcano Model 1891.
[edit] Range

The longest range recorded for a sniper kill currently stands at 2,430 meters (2,657 yd, or 1.51 miles), accomplished by Master Corporal Rob Furlong, a sniper from Newfoundland, Canada, in March 2002 during the war in Afghanistan. Furlong made this record-breaking kill while he was participating in Operation Anaconda. He was a member of the 3rd Battalion Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (PPCLI). To make the kill, he used a .50 caliber BMG (12.7 mm) McMillan TAC-50 bolt-action rifle.[14] Utilizing a ballistic calculator, it is possible to reproduce the trajectory and time-in-flight of such a ranged shot. With a nominal muzzle velocity of 2,910 feet (890 m) per second for the .50 BMG M1022 Long Range Sniper[15] round, and an estimated ballistic coefficient of 1.05,[16] such a shot fired at the estimated altitude of 9,000 feet (2,700 m) for the Shah-i-Kot Valley would have taken 3.92 seconds to reach the target, and drop 155.8 feet (47.5 m) during flight. Also note at such a long range, even a light breeze of 20 kilometres (12 mi) per hour would have blown the bullet off target by 20.8 feet (6.3 m).

The previous record was held by U.S. Marine sniper Carlos Hathcock in February 1967 during the Vietnam War, at a distance of more than 2,347 yards (2,146 m) using a scope-mounted Browning M2 .50 machine gun.[17][18][19] By contrast, much of the U.S./Coalition urban sniping in support of operations in Iraq is at much shorter ranges, although in one notable incident on April 3, 2003, Corporals Matt and Sam Hughes, a two-man sniper team of the Royal Marines, armed with L96 sniper rifles each killed targets at a range of about 860 metres (941 yd) with shots that, due to strong wind, had to be “fire[d] exactly 17 meters (56 ft) to the left of the target for the bullet to bend in the wind.”[20]

During Operation Enduring Freedom, Spanish Navy Marine snipers shot cables hanging from the mast to the bridge of the North Korean freighter So San, smuggling Scud missiles through the waters of Socotra Island. These cables were preventing it from being boarded by fast rope for an arms inspection. The shots were made at a range of 400 yards (370 m), with rough sea, from the deck of SPS Navarra (F85), and the Marines were armed with Barrett M95 rifles.[citation needed] During Operation Harekate Yolo in Afghanistan, one Norwegian sniper of the 2nd Battalion, aiming from a trench, hit a Taliban insurgent from a distance of 1,380 meters, using 12.7 mm multi-purpose ammunition.[21]
[edit] Police
Honolulu Police Department Specialized Services Division Counter-Sniper Team does aerial platform training.

Law enforcement snipers, also commonly called police snipers, and military snipers differ in many ways, including their areas of operation, training, and tactics. A police sharpshooter is part of a police operation and usually takes part in relatively short missions. Police forces typically deploy such sharpshooters in hostage scenarios. This differs from a military sniper, who operates as part of a larger army, engaged in warfare. Sometimes as part of a SWAT team, police snipers are deployed alongside negotiators and an assault team trained for close quarters combat. As policemen, they are trained to shoot only as a last resort, when there is a direct threat to life; the police sharpshooter has a well-known rule: "Be prepared to take a life to save a life."[22] Police snipers typically operate at much shorter ranges than military snipers, generally under 100 metres (109 yd) and sometimes even less than 50 metres (55 yd). Both types of snipers do make difficult shots under pressure, and often perform one shot kills.
A US Secret Service sniper on the roof of the White House

Police units which are unprepared for tactical operations may rely on a specialized SWAT tactical team, which may have a dedicated sniper team member.[22] Some police sniper operations begin with military assistance.[23] Police snipers placed in vantage points, such as high buildings, can provide security for events.[24]

The need for specialized training for police sharpshooters was made apparent in 1972 during the Munich massacre when the German police could not deploy specialized personnel or equipment during the standoff at the airport in the closing phase of the crisis, and consequently all of the Israeli hostages were killed. The German police only had regular police who were selected if they did hunting as a hobby.[citation needed] While the German army did have snipers in 1972, the use of snipers of the German army in the scenario was impossible due to the German constitution's explicit prohibition of the use of the military in domestic matters. This situation was later addressed with the founding of the specialized police counter-terrorist unit GSG 9. In one high-profile incident, a SWAT sniper in Columbus, Ohio prevented a suicide by shooting a revolver out of the individual's hand, leaving him unharmed.[25]
[edit] Training
A US Marine extracts a fired cartridge casing and chambers a new round into his M40A3.

Military sniper training aims to teach a high degree of proficiency in camouflage and concealment, stalking, observation and map reading as well as precision marksmanship under various operational conditions. Trainees typically shoot thousands of rounds over a number of weeks, while learning these core skills.

Snipers are trained to squeeze the trigger straight back with the ball of their finger, to avoid jerking the gun sideways.[6] The most accurate position is prone, with a sandbag supporting the stock, and the stock's cheek-piece against the cheek.[6] In the field, a bipod can be used instead. Sometimes a sling is wrapped around the weak arm (or both) to reduce stock movement.[6] Some doctrines train a sniper to breathe deeply before shooting, then hold their lungs empty while they line up and take their shot.[6] Some go further, teaching their snipers to shoot between heartbeats to minimize barrel motion.[6]
[edit] Accuracy
A sniper, using a MK.14 EBR uses two stakes to help steady his aim while providing overwatch in Iraq.

The key to sniping is accuracy, which applies to both the weapon and the shooter. The weapon should be able to consistently place shots within high tolerances.[6] The sniper in turn must utilize the weapon to accurately place shots under varying conditions.[6]

A sniper must have the ability to accurately estimate the various factors that influence a bullet's trajectory and point of impact such as: range to the target, wind direction, wind velocity, altitude and elevation of the sniper and the target and ambient temperature. Mistakes in estimation compound over distance and can decrease lethality or cause a shot to miss completely.[6]

Snipers zero their weapons at a target range or in the field. This is the process of adjusting the scope so that the bullet's points-of-impact is at the point-of-aim (centre of scope or scope's cross-hairs) for a specific distance.[6] A rifle and scope should retain its zero as long as possible under all conditions to reduce the need to re-zero during missions.[6]

A sandbag can serve as a useful platform for shooting a sniper rifle, although any soft surface such as a rucksack will steady a rifle and contribute to consistency.[6] In particular, bipods help when firing from a prone position, and enable the firing position to be sustained for an extended period of time. Many police and military sniper rifles come equipped with an adjustable bipod.[6] Makeshift bipods can also be constructed from items such as tree branches or ski poles.[6]

Accuracy and Range also depends on the cartridge used:
Cartridge Maximum effective range[15]
5.56x45mm 300–500 m
7.62x51mm (.308 Winchester) 800–1,000 m
7.62x54mm R 800–1,000 m
7 mm Remington Magnum 900–1,100 m
.300 Winchester Magnum 900–1,200 m
.338 Lapua Magnum 1,300–1,600 m
.50 BMG (12.7x99mm NATO)
12.7x108mm (Russian) 1,500–2,000 m
14.5x114mm 1,900–2,300 m
.408 Chey Tac > 2,400 m
[edit] U.S. military

Servicemen volunteer for sniper training and are accepted on the basis of their aptitude as perceived by their commanders. Military snipers may be trained as forward air controllers (FACs) to direct air strikes or forward observers (FOs) to direct artillery or mortar fire.
[edit] British military
Frederick Russell Burnham in Africa

The first British sniper unit began life as Lovat Scouts, a Scottish Highland regiment that earned high praise during the Second Boer War.[6] The unit was formed by Lord Lovat and reported to an American, Major Frederick Russell Burnham, the British Army Chief of Scouts under Lord Roberts. Burnham fittingly described these scouts as "half wolf and half jackrabbit."[26] Just like their Boer opponents, they were well practiced in the arts of marksmanship, field craft, and military tactics. They were also the first known military unit to wear a ghillie suit.[27] They were skilled woodsmen but also practitioners of discretion: "He who shoots and runs away, lives to shoot another day." After the war, this regiment went on to formally become the British Army's first sniper unit, then better known as sharpshooters.[26]
[edit] Targeting

The range to the target is measured or estimated as precisely as conditions permit and correct range estimation becomes absolutely critical at long ranges, because a bullet travels with a curved trajectory and the sniper must compensate for this by aiming higher at longer distances.[6] If the exact distance is not known the sniper may compensate incorrectly and the bullet path may be too high or low. As an example, for a typical military sniping cartridge such as 7.62 × 51 mm NATO (.308 Winchester) M118 Special Ball round this difference (or “drop”) from 700 to 800 metres (770–870 yd) is 200 millimetres (7.9 in). This means that if the sniper incorrectly estimated the distance as 700 meters when the target was in fact 800 meters away, the bullet will be 200 millimeters lower than expected by the time it reaches the target.[6]

Laser rangefinders may be used, but are not preferred on the battlefield because a laser can be seen by both the sender and the receiver. One useful method is comparing the height of the target (or nearby objects) to their size on the mil dot scope, or taking a known distance and using some sort of measure (utility poles, fence posts) to determine the additional distance. The average human head is 150 millimeters (5.9 in) in width, average human shoulders are 500 millimeters (20 in) apart and the average distance from a person's pelvis to the top of their head is 1,000 millimeters (39 in).
U.S. Air Force Airman positions herself in the brush during an exercise scenario at Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska. One of only five enlisted female snipers in the Air Force, she is attached to the 354th Security Forces Squadron, 2006.

To determine the range to a target without a laser rangefinder, the sniper may use the mil dot reticle on a scope to accurately find the range. Mil dots are used like a slide rule to measure the height of a target, and if the height is known, the range can be as well. The height of the target (in yards) ×1000, divided by the height of the target (in mils), gives the range in yards. This is only in general, however, as both scope magnification (7×, 40×) and mil dot spacing change. The USMC standard is that 1 mil (that is, 1 milliradian) equals 3.438 MOA (minute of arc, or, equivalently, minute of angle), while the US Army standard is 3.6 MOA, chosen so as to give a diameter of 1 yard (36 inches) at 1,000 yards (1,000 m). Many commercial manufacturers use 3.5, splitting the difference, since it is easier with which to work.[6]

Explanation: 1 MIL = 1 milli-radian. That is, 1 MIL = 1x10^-3 radian. But, 10^-3 rad x (360 deg/ (2 x Pi) radians) = 0.0573 degrees. Now, 1 MOA = 1/60 degree = 0.01667 degrees. Hence, there are 0.0573/0.01667 = 3.43775 MOA per MIL, where MIL is defined as a milli-radian. On the other hand, defining a mil-dot by the US Army way, to equate it to 1-yard (1 m) at 1,000 yards (1,000 m), means the Army's mil-dot is approximately 3.6 MOA.

It is important to note that angular mil (mil) is only an approximation of a milliradian and different organizations use different approximations. Please see three definitions of the angular mil.

At longer ranges, bullet drop plays a significant role in targeting.[6] The effect can be estimated from a chart which may be memorized or taped to the rifle, although some scopes come with Bullet Drop Compensator (BDC) systems that only require the range be dialed in. These are tuned to both a specific class of rifle and specific ammunition. It must be noted that every bullet type and load will have different ballistics. .308 Federal 175 grain (11.3 g) BTHP match shoots at 2,600 ft/s (790 m/s). Zeroed at 100 yards (100 m), a 16.2 MOA adjustment would have to be made to hit a target at 600 yards (500 m). If the same bullet was shot with 168 grain (10.9 g), a 17.1 MOA adjustment would be necessary.[6]

Shooting uphill or downhill is confusing for many because gravity does not act perpendicular to the direction the bullet is traveling. Thus, gravity must be divided into its component vectors. Only the fraction of gravity equal to the cosine of the angle of fire with respect to the horizon affects the rate of fall of the bullet, with the remained adding or subtracting negligible velocity to the bullet along its trajectory. To find the correct zero, the sniper multiplies the actual distance to the range by this fraction and aims as if the target were that distance away. For example, a sniper who observes a target 500 meters away at a 45-degree angle downhill would multiply the range by the cosine of 45 degrees, which is 0.707. The resulting distance will be 353 meters. This number is also equal to the horizontal distance to the target. All other values, such as windage, time-to-target, impact velocity, and energy will be calculated based on the actual range of 500 meters.

Windage which also plays a significant role, the effect increasing with wind speed or the distance of the shot. The slant of visible convections near the ground can be used to estimate crosswinds, and correct the point of aim. Recently, a small device known as a cosine indicator has been developed.[6] This device is clamped to the tubular body of the telescopic sight, and gives an indicative readout in numerical form as the rifle is aimed up or down at the target.[6] This is translated into a figure used to compute the horizontal range to the target.

All adjustments for range, wind, and elevation can be performed by aiming off the target, called "holding over" or Kentucky windage.[6] Alternately, the scope can be adjusted so that the point of aim is changed to compensate for these factors, sometimes referred to as "dialing in". The shooter must remember to return the scope to zeroed position. Adjusting the scope allows for more accurate shots, because the cross-hairs can be aligned with the target more accurately, but the sniper must know exactly what differences the changes will have on the point-of-impact at each target range.[6]

For moving targets, the point-of-aim is ahead of the target in the direction of movement. Known as "leading" the target, the amount of "lead" depends on the speed and angle of the target's movement as well as the distance to the target. For this technique, holding over is the preferred method.[6] Anticipating the behavior of the target is necessary to accurately place the shot.[6]
[edit] Hide sites and hiding techniques
A sniper wearing a ghillie suit to remain hidden in grassland terrain

The term "hide site" refers to a covered and concealed position in which a sniper and his team will conduct surveillance and/or fire from. A hide is to give the shooter good visibility of the surrounding area, good cover from enemy fire, and to conceal and camouflage the sniper.

The main purpose of ghillie suits and hide sites are to break up the outline of a person with a rifle.
[edit] Tactics
US Army sniper team shooting from within a room in Afghanistan with M24 SWS, 19 October 2006.
[edit] Shot placement

Shot placement varies considerably with the type of sniper being discussed. Military snipers, who generally do not engage targets at less than 300 m (330 yd), usually attempt body shots, aiming at the chest. These shots depend on tissue damage, organ trauma, and blood loss to make the kill.

Police snipers who generally engage at much shorter distances may attempt more precise shot at particular parts of body or particular devices: in one event in 2007 in Marseille, a GIPN sniper took a shot from 80 m (87 yd) at the pistol of a policeman threatening to commit suicide, destroying the weapon and preventing him from killing himself.[28] Less lethal shots (at arms or legs) may also be taken at criminals to sap their will to fight or reduce their mobility.

In a high-risk or instant-death hostage situation, police snipers may take head shots to ensure an instant kill. The snipers aim for the "apricot", or the medulla oblongata, located inside the head, a part of the brain that controls involuntary movement that lies at the base of the skull. Some ballistics and neurological researchers have argued that severing the spinal cord at an area near the second cervical vertebra is actually achieved,[citation needed] usually having the same effect of preventing voluntary motor activity, but the debate on the matter remains largely academic at present.
[edit] Targets
A US Marine sniper wearing a ghillie suit.

Snipers can target personnel or materiel, but most often they target the most important enemy personnel such as officers or specialists (e.g. communications operators) so as to cause maximum disruption to enemy operations. Other personnel they might target include those who pose an immediate threat to the sniper, like dog handlers, who are often employed in a search for snipers. A sniper identifies officers by their appearance and behavior such as symbols of rank, talking to radio operators, sitting as a passenger in a car, having military servants, binoculars/map cases or talking and moving position more frequently. If possible, snipers shoot in descending order by rank, or if rank is unavailable, they shoot to disrupt communications.

Since most kills in modern warfare are by crew-served weapons, reconnaissance is one of the most effective uses of snipers. They use their aerobic conditioning, infiltration skills and excellent long-distance observation equipment and tactics to approach and observe the enemy. In this role, their rules of engagement let them engage only high value targets of opportunity.

Some rifles, such as the Denel NTW-20 are designed for a purely anti-materiel (AM) role, e.g. shooting turbine disks of parked aircraft, missile guidance packages, expensive optics, and the bearings, tubes or wave guides of radar sets. A sniper equipped with the correct rifle can target radar dishes, water containers, the engines of vehicles, and any number of other targets. Other rifles, such as the .50 caliber rifles produced by Barrett and McMillan are not designed exclusively as AM rifles, but are often employed in such a way, providing the range and power needed for AM applications in a lightweight package compared to most traditional AM rifles. Other calibers, such as the .408 Cheyenne Tactical and the .338 Lapua Magnum are designed to be capable of limited AM application, but are ideally suited as long range anti-personnel rounds.
[edit] Relocating

Often in situations with multiple targets, snipers use relocation. After firing a few shots from a certain position, snipers move unseen to another location before the enemy can determine where he or she is and mount a counter-attack. Snipers will frequently use this tactic to their advantage, creating an atmosphere of chaos and confusion.
[edit] Sound masking

As sniper rifles are often extremely powerful and consequently loud, it is common for snipers to use a technique known as sound masking. This tactic, in the hands of a highly skilled marksman, can be used as a substitute for a noise suppressor. Very loud sounds in the environment, such as artillery shells air bursting or claps of thunder, can often mask the sound of the shot. This technique is frequently used in clandestine operations and infiltration tactics.
[edit] Psychological warfare

Due to the unexpected aspect of sniper fire, high lethality of aimed shots and frustration at the inability to locate and attack snipers, sniper tactics have a significant effect on morale. Extensive use of sniper tactics can be used as a psychological strategy in order to induce constant stress in opposing forces.

One may note that by many aspects (constant threat, high "per event" lethality, inability to strike back), the psychological impact imposed by snipers is quite similar to those of landmines, booby-traps, and IEDs.

Historically, captured snipers are often summarily executed. This happened during World War I[29] and also during World War II.[30] As a result, if a sniper is in imminent danger of capture, he may discard any items which might indicate his status as a sniper. The risk of captured snipers being summarily executed is explicitly referred to in Chapter 6 of US Army doctrine document FM 3-060.11 entitled 'SNIPER AND COUNTERSNIPER TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES':

Historically, units that suffered heavy and continual casualties from urban sniper fire and were frustrated by their inability to strike back effectively often have become enraged. Such units may overreact and violate the laws of land warfare concerning the treatment of captured snipers. This tendency is magnified if the unit has been under the intense stress of urban combat for an extended time. It is vital that commanders and leaders at all levels understand the law of land warfare and also understand the psychological pressures of urban warfare. It requires strong leadership and great moral strength to prevent soldiers from releasing their anger and frustration on captured snipers or civilians suspected of sniping at them.[31]

The negative reputation of snipers can be traced back to the American Revolution, when American "Marksmen" would intentionally target British officers, an act considered uncivilized by the British Army at the time (this reputation would be cemented during the Battle of Saratoga, when Benedict Arnold allegedly ordered his marksmen to target British General Simon Fraser, an act that would win the battle and French support).[7] However, the British side used specially selected sharpshooters as well, often German mercenaries.[7]

To demoralize enemy troops, snipers can follow predictable patterns. During the 26th of July Movement in the Cuban Revolution, the revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro always killed the foremost man in a group of President Batista's soldiers.[verification needed] Realizing this, none of Batista's men would walk first, as it was suicidal. This effectively decreased the army's willingness to search for rebel bases in the mountains. An alternative approach to this psychological process is to kill the second man in the row, leading to the psychological effect that nobody would want to follow the "leader".

The phrase "one shot, one kill" has gained notoriety in popular culture as a glorification of the "sniper mystique." The phrase embodies the sniper's tactics and philosophy of stealth and efficiency. The term may mean that single round should be fired, avoiding unnecessary firing (since every shot fired by a sniper can assist the enemy in locating the sniper). As well, every shot should be accurately placed, in order to kill or severely wound the victim. Whether the phrase actually reflects reality is of course subject to debate, but it has been widely used in literature and movies.
[edit] Counter-sniper tactics
Main article: Counter-sniper tactics

The occurrence of sniper warfare has led to the evolution of many counter-sniper tactics in modern military strategies. These aim to reduce the damage caused by a sniper to an army, which can often be harmful to both fighting capabilities and morale.

The risk of damage to a chain of command can be reduced by removing/concealing features which would otherwise indicate an officer's rank. Armies nowadays tend to avoid saluting officers in the field and eliminate rank insignia on BDUs. Officers can seek maximum cover before revealing themselves as good candidates for sniping through actions like reading maps and using radios.

Friendly snipers can be used to hunt the enemy sniper. Besides direct observation, defending forces can use other techniques. These include calculating the trajectory of a bullet by triangulation. Traditionally, triangulation of a sniper's position was done manually, though radar-based technology has recently become available. Once located, the defenders can try to approach the sniper from cover and overwhelm him. The United States military is funding a project known as RedOwl, which uses laser and acoustic sensors to determine the exact direction from which a sniper round has been fired.[32]

The more shots a sniper fires, the more chances the defenders have to locate him, so they often try to draw fire, sometimes by offering a helmet slightly out of concealment. A tactic successfully employed in the Winter War by the Finns is known as "Kylmä-Kalle" (Cold Charlie).[33] They used a shop mannequin or other doll dressed as a tempting target, like an officer. The doll was then presented as if it were a real man sloppily covering himself. Usually, Soviet snipers were unable to resist the temptation of an apparently easy kill. Once the angle where the bullet came from was determined, a shot of a large calibre gun such as a Lahti L-39 "Norsupyssy" ("Elephant rifle") anti-tank rifle was shot at the sniper's direction to eliminate him.

Other tactics include directing artillery or mortar fire onto suspected sniper positions, the use of smoke screens, and placing tripwire-operated munitions, mines, or other booby-traps near suspected sniper positions. Even dummy trip-wires can be placed to inconvenience sniper movement. Where anti-personnel mines are unavailable, it is possible to improvise booby-traps by connecting trip-wires to hand grenades, smoke grenades or flares. Even though these may not kill the sniper, they will reveal his location. Booby-trap devices should be placed close to likely sniper hides or along the probable routes used into and out of the sniper's work area. Knowledge of sniper field craft will assist in this task.

One very old counter-sniper tactic is to tie rags onto bushes or similar items in a danger area. The rags flutter in the breeze creating random movements in the corner of the sniper's eye, which they find distracting. The main virtue of this tactic is that it is easy to use; however, it is unlikely to prevent a skilled sniper from selecting targets, and may in fact provide a sniper with additional information about the wind near the target.

The use of canine units was also very successful, especially during the Vietnam War. A trained dog can easily determine the direction of the sniper from the sound of the bullet and will lie down with his head aiming at the sniper to give his handler the direction of the firing.
[edit] In irregular and asymmetric warfare
Main article: Asymmetric warfare
A Georgian sniper in the Georgian-Ossetian conflict (2004)

The use of sniping (in the sense of shooting at relatively long range from a concealed position) to murder came to public attention in a number of sensational U.S. cases, including the Austin sniper incident of 1966, the John F. Kennedy assassination, and the Beltway sniper attacks of late 2002. However, these incidents usually do not involve the range or skill of military snipers; in all three cases the perpetrators had U.S. military training, but in other specialties. News reports will often (inaccurately) use the term sniper to describe anyone shooting with a rifle at another person.[citation needed]

Sniping has also been used in asymmetric warfare situations, for example in the Northern Ireland Troubles, where in the early 1970s a number of soldiers were shot by concealed IRA riflemen, some at considerable range.[verification needed] There were also some instances in the early 1990s of British soldiers being shot with .50 caliber Barrett rifles by sniper teams collectively known as the South Armagh sniper. In Northern Ireland, in addition to the uses listed above, a sniper was quite often a form of bait called a "come-on", whereby the sniper's position would be made obvious to a British patrol so as to draw them into an ambush in their attempt to close with the sniper.

The sniper is particularly suited to combat environments where one side is at a disadvantage.[citation needed] A careful sniping strategy can use a few individuals and resources to thwart the movement or other progress of a much better equipped or larger force. Because of this perceived difference in force size, the sniping attacks may be viewed as the act of a few persons to terrorize (earning the moniker 'terrorists') a much larger, regular force — regardless of the size of the force the snipers are attached to. These perceptions stem from the precept that sniping, while effective in specific instances, is much more effective as a broadly deployed psychological attack (see elsewhere in article).

In the war between Bosnian Muslim, Croatian forces, and Bosnian Serbs in the early 1990s, Serbian snipers in Sarajevo used sniping as a terror tool by shooting at any person, whether military or civilian, adult or child. These snipers would be classified as war criminals for deliberately targeting non-combatants.

Snipers are less likely to be treated mercifully if captured by the enemy.[34] The rationale for this is that ordinary soldiers shoot at each other at 'equal opportunity' whilst snipers take their time in tracking and killing individual targets in a methodical fashion with a relatively low risk of retaliation.
[edit] War in Iraq
Main article: Iraq War

In 2003, the U.S.-led multinational coalition composed of primarily U.S. and U.K. troops occupied Iraq and attempted to establish a new government in the country. However, shortly after the initial invasion, violence against coalition forces and among various sectarian groups led to asymmetric warfare with the Iraqi insurgency and civil war between many Sunni and Shia Iraqis.

Through November 2005, when the Pentagon had last reported a sniper fatality, the Army had attributed 28 of 2,100 U.S. deaths to enemy snipers.[35] More recently in 2006, insurgent snipers such as "Juba" have caused problems for American troops, claims have been made that Juba had shot 37 American soldiers in Iraq as of October 2006.[36]

In 2006, training materials obtained by U.S. intelligence showed that snipers fighting in Iraq were urged to single out and attack engineers, medics, and chaplains on the theory that those casualties would demoralize entire enemy units.[37] Among the training materials, there included an insurgent sniper training manual that was posted on the Internet. Among its tips for shooting U.S. troops, there read: "Killing doctors and chaplains is suggested as a means of psychological warfare."[35]
[edit] Notable individuals
Sergeant H.A. Marshall of The Calgary Highlanders. Canadian snipers in the Second World War were also trained scouts. Specialized equipment includes Lee Enfield No. 4 Mk I(T) rifle and scope combination and a camouflaged Denison smock. PAC Photo, by Ken Bell (September 1944).

Even before firearms were available, soldiers such as archers were specially trained as elite marksmen.
[edit] Before the 20th century

* Ninja or Shinobi (16th century Japan) – supposedly trained to cover retreating armies, targeting officers from concealed positions with poisoned blow guns.[citation needed] One of Japan's most famous warlords, Takeda Shingen, was possibly fatally wounded by a sniper.[38]
* Lord Brooks, who represented the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War, was the first recorded British sniper victim.[citation needed]
* Timothy Murphy (American Revolutionary War) – killed British General Simon Fraser during the pivotal Battle of Saratoga, hampering the British advance and causing them to lose the battle.[7]
* Patrick Ferguson (American Revolutionary War) - developer of the world's first breech-loaded military rifle (which advanced sniping and sharpshooting tactics), fought with his Corps of Riflemen (recruited from the 6th and 14th Foot) at the Battle of Brandywine, where he may have passed up a chance to shoot George Washington.[39]
* Napoleonic Wars – Use of Marine sharpshooters in the mast tops was common usage in navies of the period, and Admiral Nelson's death at Trafalgar is attributed to the actions of French Sharpshooters. The British Army developed the concept of directed fire (as opposed to massive unaimed volleys) and formed Rifle regiments, famously the 95th and the 60th who wore green jackets instead of the usual redcoats.[citation needed] Fighting as Skirmishers, usually in pairs and trusted to choose their own targets, they wrought havoc amongst the French during the peninsular war against Napoleon's Forces.
* British Rifleman Thomas Plunkett (Peninsular war) – shot French General Colbert at a range of between 200 metres (219 yd) and 600 metres (656 yd) using a Baker rifle.[40]
* Colonel Hiram Berdan (American Civil War) – commanded 1st and 2nd US Sharpshooters, who were trained and equipped Union marksmen with the .52 caliber Sharps Rifle. It has been claimed that Berdan's units killed more enemies than any other in the Union Army.[7]
* Sgt. Grace (American Civil War) – sniped Major General John Sedgwick at the then incredible distance of 730 metres (798 yd)[citation needed] during the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, with a British Whitworth target rifle causing administrative delays in the Union's attack, leading to Confederate victory. Sedgwick ignored advice to take cover, his last words according to urban legend being, "They couldn't hit an elephant at this dist-" upon which he was shot. In reality, he was shot a few minutes later.[7]
* Major Frederick Russell Burnham - assassinated Mlimo, the Ndebele religious leader, in his cave in Matobo Hills, Rhodesia, effectively ending the Second Matabele War (1896).[41] Burnham started as a cowboy and Indian tracker in the American Old West, but he left the United States to scout in Africa and went on to command the British Army Scouts in the Second Boer War. For his ability to track, even at night, the Africans dubbed him, He-who-sees-in-the-dark,[42] but in the press he became more widely known as England's American Scout.[43]

[edit] 20th century

* Finnish Lance Corporal Simo Häyhä, aka "Valkoinen Kuolema" (the White Death) was a sniper during the Winter War and is regarded by many as the most effective sniper in the history of warfare, being credited with killing up to 542 Soviet soldiers (an average of 5 a day) using a SAKO m/28-30 (Pystykorva) and iron sights.
* Lieutenant Lyudmila Pavlichenko (World War II) – female Soviet sniper with 309 confirmed kills, making her the most successful female sniper in history.[44]
* Billy Sing (Gallipoli Campaign, World War I) - killed between 150 and 201 Turkish soldiers.
* Francis Pegahmagabow (World War I) - Native Canadian sniper credited with 378 kills.
* Junior Lieutenant Vasily Zaytsev (World War II) – credited with killing 225 German soldiers during the Battle of Stalingrad,[45] he is famously portrayed in the film Enemy at the Gates and in the book War of the Rats; both however are fictionalized accounts.
* Mihail Surkov has been said to have killed 702 enemy troops. However this hasn't been confirmed, and a post-war analysis regarded the score exaggerated for the Soviet propaganda.[46]
* Semen Nomokonov killed sniper-only 367 persons, including a general.[46]
* Gefreiter (Private) Matthias Hetzenauer (World War II) - Austrian sniper who was credited with 345 kills on the Eastern Front, the most successful in the Wehrmacht.
* Obergefreiter (Private First Class) Josef 'Sepp' Allerberger (World War II) - Austrian sniper credited with 257 kills on the Eastern Front.
* Zhang Taofang (Chinese: 张桃芳[47]; Traditional Chinese: 張桃芳; Wade-Giles: Zhang Tao-fang) was a Chinese soldier during the Korean War, and is one of the most successful snipers in history. He is credited with 214 confirmed kills in 32 days without using a sniper magnifying scope.
* Alfred Hulme was a New Zealand recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He is credited with stalking and killing 33 German snipers in the Battle of Crete.
* Gunnery Sergeant Carlos Hathcock (Vietnam war) – achieved 93 confirmed kills but believed to also have over 200 unconfirmed kills. He held the record of longest confirmed kill at a distance of 2,250 m (2,460 yd) (made with a scoped M2 Browning machine gun) for 35 years until 2002.[17][18][19]
* Chuck Mawhinney (Vietnam war) – 103 confirmed and 216 probable kills.
* Adelbert F . Waldron (Vietnam war) – achieved 109 confirmed kills.
* Master Sgt. Gary Gordon and Sgt. First Class Randy Shughart - Operation Gothic Serpent - Delta Force snipers awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions protecting the injured crew of a downed helicopter during the Battle of Mogadishu. Dramatized in the film Black Hawk Down.

[edit] 21st century

* Canadian soldier Corporal Rob Furlong, formerly of the PPCLI (Operation Anaconda, Afghanistan) - holds the record for the longest-ever recorded and confirmed sniper kill at 2,430 meters (1.509 miles) using a .50 caliber (12.7 mm) McMillan TAC-50 rifle.[14][48]
* U.S. Army Staff Sergeant Timothy L. Kellner - regarded as one of the top snipers still active in the U.S. Army with 139 confirmed kills and over 100 unconfirmed during Operation Iraqi Freedom.[citation needed]
* Canadian soldier Master Corporal Arron Perry, formerly of the PPCLI (Operation Anaconda, Afghanistan) - briefly held the record for the longest-ever recorded and confirmed sniper kill at 2,310 meters (2,502.5 yards) after eclipsing US Marine Gunnery Sergeant Carlos Hathcock's previous record of 2,286 meters (2,476.5 yards) until it was later eclipsed by fellow Canadian Corporal Rob Furlong. Hathcock's record had stood for thirty five years. Perry used a .50 caliber (12.7 mm) McMillan TAC-50 rifle.[14][48]
* Sri Lankan Army Sniper, Corporal I.R. Premasiri alias ‘Nero’, of the 5th Battalion in the Gajaba Regiment was responsible for the deaths of 180 L.T.T.E. cadres [1]
* United States Army Spc. Nick Ranstad while deployed to Nuristan Province, Afghanistan with the 173rd Airborne, 1-91st Airborne Cavalry "Hatchet" Recon Platoon took out a Taliban target that he and his spotter had been stalking from 2100 meters (1.3 miles). Nick's shot is now confirmed as a US Army record for a sniper kill in Afghanistan.[citation needed] Ranstad then provided suppressive fire until air support could move in to eliminate a second target.
* Iraqi insurgent Juba, a sniper who features in several propaganda videos. Juba has allegedly shot 37 American soldiers, although whether Juba is a real individual is unknown. He may be a constructed composite of a number of insurgent snipers.[citation needed]
* Corporal Christopher Reynolds of the 3d. battalion the Royal Regiment of Scotland, the Black Watch, shot and killed a Taliban commander at a range of 1,853 metres (1.15 miles). [2]

[edit] See also
Search Wiktionary Look up sniper in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

* Designated marksman
* Skirmisher
* Scout Sniper
* Urban sniper
* Special forces
* Snipers of the Soviet Union
* Jäger (military)
* AmericanSnipers.org (formerly Adopt a Sniper)
* Anti-tank rifle
* Operation Foxley - plan to kill Adolf Hitler using a sniper

[edit] References

1. ^ Valdes, Robert. "How Military Snipers Work - What Does a Sniper Really Do?". Howstuffworks. http://science.howstuffworks.com/sniper1.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
2. ^ a b "Online Etymology Dictionary - Snipe". http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=s&p=29. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
3. ^ a b "Definitions of Civil War Terms". January 4, 2007. http://www.civilwarhome.com/terms.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
4. ^ "Definition of 'skirmisher'". Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia. 2003. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/skirmisher. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
5. ^ Plaster, Maj. John (2008). The History of Sniping and Sharpshooting. Paladin Press. ISBN 978-1-58160-632-4.
6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Plaster, Maj. John (1993, rev. 2006). The Ultimate Sniper: An Advanced Training Manual for Military & Police Snipers. Paladin Press. ISBN 0-87364-704-1.
7. ^ a b c d e f Senich, Peter R. (1988). Complete Book of U.S. Sniping. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press. p. 288. ISBN 978-1581606102.
8. ^ a b c d e f g h Senich, Peter R. (1982). The German Sniper 1914-1945. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press. p. 468. ISBN 978-0873642231.
9. ^ a b Shore, C.; Peter Senich (1988). With British Snipers to the Reich. London: Lancer. pp. 316. ISBN 978-0873644754.
10. ^ 02-Jan-2008 version: Section "Snipers during the First and Second World Wars": info taken from: Zeitgeschichte - Spezialeinheiten im Zweiten Weltkrieg: Scharfschützen German Documentary (EAN: 4020974153959)
11. ^ Parker, Eric. Hesketh Prichard. p. 212.
12. ^ Hesketh-Prichard, H.V.. Sniping in France, p10.
13. ^ Hesketh-Prichard, H.V.. Sniping in France, p19.
14. ^ a b c "World longest distance kill - 2,430 meters (1.5 miles)". Stupid Beaver. April 2007. http://stupidbeaver.com/world-longest-distance-kill-2430-meters15-miles/. Retrieved 2008-03-24. "Canadian snipers in Afghanistan after September 11th made the longest recorded kills in history with this weapon. On a March afternoon in 2002, Cpl. Furlong of the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (PPCLI) squinted through the scope of his McMillan TAC-50 and successfully killed an enemy combatant from 2,430 m."
15. ^ a b http://www.atk.com/ammo_PDFs/smallcaliber.pdf
16. ^ https://www.hornady.com/shop/?page=ballistics/popup&product_sku=5165
17. ^ a b Lance Cpl. George J. Papastrat (March 29, 2007). "Range complex named after famous Vietnam sniper". Marine Corps News. http://www.marines.mil/marinelink/mcn2000.nsf/lookupstoryref/2007329115513. Retrieved 2008-03-24. "...famous Hathcock shot that killed an enemy from more than 2,500 yards (2,300 m) away..."
18. ^ a b "Sniper Rifles". GlobalSecurity. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/sniper.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-24. "When a 24-year old Marine sharpshooter named Carlos Norman Hathcock II chalked up the farthest recorded kill in the history of sniping - 2,500 yards (1.42 miles, a distance greater than 22 football fields) in February 1967 he fired a Browning M2 .50 Cal. Machine Gun."
19. ^ a b Sgt. Grit (2006). "Marine Corps Sniper Carlos N. Hathcock II". http://www.grunt.com/scuttlebutt/corps-stories/heroes/carloshathcock.asp. Retrieved 2008-03-24. "Viet Cong shot dead by a round fired from a scope-mounted Browning M-2 .50 caliber machine gun at the unbelievable range of 2,500 yards (2,300 m)."
20. ^ Parker, Nick (2003-04-05). "Matt's Shot in a Million". The Sun. http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/article158181.ece. Retrieved 2008-06-13.
21. ^ Nilas Johnsen (October 7, 2008). "Dreper fra 1380 meter (English translation: Kills from 1380 meters)" (in Norwegian). Verdens Gang. http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/artikkel.php?artid=537887. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
22. ^ a b "The Sniper, SWAT Teams Grow In Number". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/01/25/60II/main267184.shtml. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
23. ^ "Gastonia Police Department - Sniper School". http://www.cityofgastonia.com/city_serv/police/teams/SniperPage.cfm. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
24. ^ "Police sniper watches from roof, Sydney". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. September 6, 2007. http://www.abc.net.au/news/photos/2007/09/06/2025679.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
25. ^ News footage of sniper shooting gun out of a persons hand
26. ^ a b John Plaster (2006). The Ultimate Sniper: An Advanced Training Manual For Military And Police Snipers. Paladin Press. pp. 5. ISBN 0-87364-704-1.
27. ^ Martin Pegler (2004). Out of Nowhere: A History of the Military Sniper. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 0-87364-704-1.
28. ^ "J'ai fait mouche sur son arme à 80 mètres pour le sauver"
29. ^ http://www.firstworldwar.com/atoz/snipers.htm
30. ^ http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/11/28/sniper_feature/page2.html
31. ^ http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/3-06-11/ch6.htm
32. ^ Robotic-vacuum maker, BU team up on anti-sniper device - The Boston Globe
33. ^ Petri Sarjanen (1998). Valkoinen kuolema: Talvisodan legendaarisen tarkka-ampujan Simo Häyhän tarina. ISBN 952-5170-05-5
34. ^ Snipers - Cowardly assassins, or surgical soldiers?, retrieved on 2009-11-10.
35. ^ a b Diamond, John (July 27, 2006). "Insurgent snipers sent after troops". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2006-07-27-insurgent-sniper_x.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-21.
36. ^ Holmes, Paul (October 29, 2006). "U.S. military probes sniper threat in Baghdad". Reuters news service. http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/PAR929648.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-21.
37. ^ Ponder, Jon (October 25, 2006). "Iraqi Insurgent Snipers Target U.S. Medics, Engineers and Chaplains". Pensito Review. http://www.pensitoreview.com/2006/10/04/its-ok-to-vote-for-foley-florida-elections-officials-say/?p=3094. Retrieved 2008-03-21.
38. ^ "Takeda Shingen (1521 - 1573) - The Takeda expand". The Samurai Archives. August 16, 2004. http://www.samurai-archives.com/shingen.html. Retrieved 2008-04-03. "Shingen was either wounded by a sniper or fell sick (possibly with TB); a point modern scholars are divided on."
39. ^ John Plaster, The History of Sniping and Sharpshooting, pp. 39-45, 53-55.
40. ^ Stuart Hadaway Rifleman Thomas Plunkett: 'A Pattern for the Battalion.'
41. ^ "Killed the Matabele God: Burnham, the American scout, may end uprising". New York Times. June 25, 1896. ISSN 0093-1179.
42. ^ West, James E.; Peter O. Lamb; illustrated by Lord Baden-Powell (1932). He-who-sees-in-the-dark; the boys' story of Frederick Burnham, the American scout. Brewer, Warren and Putnam.
43. ^ "England's American Scout". New York Times (London Chronicle). May 5, 1901. ISSN 0362-4331.
44. ^ http://www.wio.ru/galgrnd/sniper/sniper.htm Full list of best snipers of Eastern front during WWII.
45. ^ (Russian)Biography at the website on Heroes of the Soviet Union and Russia
46. ^ a b "top WWII snipers". http://wio.ru/galgrnd/sniper/sniper.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
47. ^ http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%B5%E6%A1%83%E8%8A%B3&variant=zh-cn
48. ^ a b Friscolanti, Michael. "We were abandoned", Maclean's, Rogers Publishing, 2006-05-15, pp. 18-25.

[edit] Sources

* Plaster, Maj. John (2008). The History of Sniping and Sharpshooting. Paladin Press. ISBN 978-1-58160-632-4.
* Plaster, Maj. John (1993, rev. 2006). The Ultimate Sniper: An Advanced Training Manual for Military & Police Snipers. Paladin Press. ISBN 0-87364-704-1.
* Bartlett, Derrick (April 12, 2005). "Sniper Tactics: Going for the Gun". http://www.policeone.com/suicide-by-cop/articles/98620/. Retrieved January 26 2006.
* Law, Clive M. (2005). Without Warning: Canadian Sniper Equipment of the 20th Century. Service Publications. ISBN 1-894581-16-4.
* Shore, C. (1988). With British Snipers to the Reich. Lancaster Militaria. ISBN 0-935856-02-1.
* Brooksmith, Peter (2000). Sniper: Training, Techniques and Weapons. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-26098-9.
* Pegler, Martin (2004). Out of Nowhere: A History of the Military Sniper. Osprey. ISBN 1-84176-854-5.

[edit] External links
Search Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sniper

* Russian Snipers of the Great Patriotic War Including High Score lists by Christopher Eger, military historian
* Sniping in France, by Major H. Hesketh-Prichard
* World War II - German sniper training film
* Army Field Manual 23-10, Sniper Training (17 AUG 1994) This field manual provides information needed to train and equip snipers and to aid them in their missions and operations.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniper"
Categories: Snipers | Combat occupations | Military snipers | Sniper warfare
Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008 | Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008 | Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 | All pages needing factual verification | Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2008 | Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 | Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2008 | Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 | Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007 | Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 | Cite web templates using unusual accessdate parameters
Views

* Article
* Discussion
* Edit this page
* History

Personal tools

* Try Beta
* Log in / create account

Navigation

* Main page
* Contents
* Featured content
* Current events
* Random article

Search

Interaction

* About Wikipedia
* Community portal
* Recent changes
* Contact Wikipedia
* Donate to Wikipedia
* Help

Toolbox

* What links here
* Related changes
* Upload file
* Special pages
* Printable version
* Permanent link
* Cite this page

Languages

* العربية
* Български
* Česky
* Dansk
* Deutsch
* Eesti
* Español
* Esperanto
* فارسی
* Français
* Galego
* 한국어
* Bahasa Indonesia
* Italiano
* עברית
* Latviešu
* Lietuvių
* Magyar
* Nederlands
* 日本語
* Polski
* Português
* Русский
* Simple English
* Slovenščina
* Suomi
* Svenska
* ไทย
* Türkçe
* Українська
* Tiếng Việt
* 吴语
* 中文

Powered by MediaWiki
Wikimedia Foundation

* This page was last modified on 25 November 2009 at 03:56.
* Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
* Contact us
* Privacy policy
* About Wikipedia
* Disclaimers